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Thermoflow Products Webpage. Energ. Fuel 135, 292300. Appl. Energ. The dynamic simulation is also a cost-efficient approach to support unit commissioning and regular operation by estimating component lifetime and directing maintenance. In the medium and long time, this cyclic operation can lead to a lifetime reduction of the CCPPs due to thermo-mechanical fatigue, creep, and corrosion. Sci. (2011). Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Greece, City University of London, United Kingdom. Although EBSILON Professional and Thermoflow offer special blocks for some energy options (e.g. 87, 4457. Le Grange, W., Lee, H.-H., Lee, J.-C., Joo, Y.-J., Oh, M., and Lee, C.-H. (2018). (2020b). Comput. Although no large-scale oxyfuel-fired plants exist (measured data is not available), several works can be found in the literature, summarized in Table 5. Simulation Study of a Large Scale Line-Focus Trough Collector Solar Power Plant in Greece. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1198. The simulation software needs to be linked to the optimization algorithm in such a way it receives the values of zk, it is automatically executed and then it returns the values of objective function and constraints. Therm. Hasan, N., Rai, J. N., and Arora, B. Proced. Hence, they cannot offer the full simulation details and freedom for process . The study concludes that the once-through HRSG is favorable for combined-cycle plants with enhanced flexibility requirements, at the cost of slightly increased heat exchanger surface of the HP circuit (approximately 9% in the given case). The main focus of the design of utility systems is the structure and operating variables of the cycle. The energy stored in the chemical bonds of the coal is released in form of the thermal energy that is transferred to the working fluid (generally water) to generate steam for the Rankine cycle. Numerical Simulation for Next Generation Thermal Power Plants. Available at: https://www.apros.fi/applications/engineering-support/ (Accessed May 5, 2021). 59, 79162. doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.12.014, Martelli, E., Elsido, C., Mian, A., and Marechal, F. (2017). Operational data and simulated results of the high-pressure circuit during the hot start-up and shutdown procedure (source Mertens et al., 2016). Nowadays, a 1 + 1 arrangement of gas turbine and steam turbine in combination with a triple-pressure reheat HRSG is state of the art (see Figure 3). APROS (2021). Abstract and Figures. Steam Generators for Nuclear Power Plants. Parametric Optimization of Supercritical Power Plants Using Gradient Methods. Quoilin, S., Aumann, R., Grill, A., Schuster, A., Lemort, V., and Spliethoff, H. (2011). The parabolic trough CSP plant is widely deployed and therefore is commonly used to validate the dynamic process simulation models. Dynamic Behaviour Analysis of a Three Pressure Level Heat Recovery Steam Generator during Transient Operation. Dynamic Characteristics of a Direct-Heated Supercritical Carbon-Dioxide Brayton Cycle in a Solar thermal Power Plant. Management 90, 347363. For example, Sumitomo Foster Wheeler will commission the worlds largest biomass-only fluidized bed furnace with a power output of about 300 MWel in 2020, in Teesside, United Kingdom (Wheeler, 2016). Chem. 185, 1628. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.170, Alobaid, F., Al-Maliki, W. A. K., Lanz, T., Haaf, M., Brachthuser, A., Epple, B., et al. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.032. Eng. (2011). Convers. An Overview of Simultaneous Strategies for Dynamic Optimization. Thermal Design and Optimization. Combined Cycle Power Plants as Ideal Solution to Balance Grid FluctuationsFast Start-Up Capabilities, in Proc. Furthermore, they support unit commissioning and regular operation by estimating component lifetime and directing maintenance (Alobaid et al., 2017). J. Greenhouse Gas Control. For example, the pinch point temperature difference (minimum temperature difference between hot flue gases and boiling steam) influences both the heat transfer area of the evaporator and the raised mass flow rate of steam (Kehlhofer et al., 2009; Martelli et al., 2011)and it is used as an independent optimization variable in several works, e.g., (Carapellucci and Giordano, 2013; Martelli et al., 2011; Nadir and Ghenaiet, 2015). Design Calculation and Optimization of Conventional Steam Cycle Power Plants reviews the main contributions and software for the design and design optimization of non-conventional steam cycles. Management 208, 112587. Energ. THERMOFLEX is the only program in Thermoflow's suite which can be placed in the category that engineers commonly refer to as "heat balance software". doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.050, Benato, A., Bracco, S., Stoppato, A., and Mirandola, A. Energy targeting methods: these methods aim at the definition of minimum utility requirements (i.e., maximum heat recovery) as well as the optimal selection and design of Rankine/steam cycles while avoiding computing the detailed structure of the HEN, which would significantly increase the complexity of the optimization problem. doi:10.1002/aic.690210314. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.11.016, Rovira, A., Valds, M., and Durn, M. D. (2010). (2009). Comput. Such relations cannot be derived from fundamental physical laws and in most cases are based on empirical assumptions. Ponce, C. V., Sez, D., Bordons, C., and Nez, A. OSTI. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.044, Li, B., Chen, T., and Yang, D. (2005). doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.129, Manassaldi, J. I., Mussati, S. F., and Scenna, N. J. (2012). Off-design simulation codes are essential tools for both the design phase of the power plant and the operation of existing cycles. Furthermore, the single-pressure HRSG was replaced over time with dual-pressure and triple-pressure HRSGs to reduce the temperature mismatch between the flue gas path and the water/steam side. Prog. Processes | Free Full-Text | Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Zhang, J., Liu, P., Zhou, Z., Ma, L., Li, Z., and Ni, W. (2014). J. Eng. Issues in Modelling and Simulation of Power Plants. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.104. The inherent complexity of the governing differential conservation equations and the numerical solution methods leads to highly complex models with long development periods. The specific design is influenced by different factors, including coal composition and handling (effect on e.g., mills, burners, furnaces, and heat exchangers), local emission regulation (effect on e.g., flue gas cleaning devices), water/steam cycle (sup-critical, supercritical or ultra-supercritical steam parameters), plant configuration (natural, forced circulation or once-through), reheater temperature control (e.g., attemperators, tilting burners, flue gas dampers). Convers. 208, 319331. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.046, Martelli, E., Kreutz, T. G., Gatti, M., Chiesa, P., and Consonni, S. (2013). Coal-Fired Power Generation Handbook. doi:10.1115/1.4025318, Cao, F., Li, H., Zhao, L., Bao, T., and Guo, L. (2013). A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy. 64, 7188. A Structural Optimization Approach in Process Synthesis-I. The methodology has been applied to two industrial energy system case studies taken from literature, to demonstrate the capability of the method to find improved solutions compared to schemes without steam cycle/ORC integration. List of recent contributions on the design optimization of conventional coal-fired steam cycle power plants. Three factors are essential to assess the practical flexibility of a thermal power plant: shut-down/start-up time, maximum load gradient (positive and negative), and minimum load. Indeed, while the dynamic of the combined-cycle power, coal-fired power, and concentrated solar power is well studied in the literature, the dynamic of integrated gasification combined cycles and the interaction with the syngas treatment unit is not well understood and have to be the subject of further study. Process Des. Preliminary Analysis of the PreFlexMS Molten Salt Once-Through Steam Generator Dynamics and Control Strategy. Furthermore, start-up procedures, capacity, and dynamics of thermal storage systems during charge and discharge cycles, as well as the annual electrical power output, have been simulated and evaluated. For this reason, current sequential-modular software integrate also relaxation and acceleration methods like the dominant eigenvalue method (Crowe and Nishio, 1975) and the wegstein method (Wegstein, 1958): FIGURE 1. A Structural Optimization Approach in Process Synthesis-III. The table reports the objective of the study, the optimization variables, and the methodology adopted. (2016). Also Pinch-analysis-based and exergy analysis based approaches have been proposed to optimize the efficiency of Rankine/steam cycles without dealing with the optimization of the HEN: for instance (Yu et al., 2015) defined a methodology predicting the Pinch position between the heat source and the working fluid to calculate the heat recovered and determine the optimum working fluid and operating conditions; (Marchal and Kalitventzeff, 1998, 1999) proposed an energy targeting methodology to optimize the structure and flow rate of steam cycles and steam networks; (Martelli et al., 2011) developed an energy targeting optimization tool to maximize the efficiency of heat recovery steam cycles integrated with multiple heat sources. Elmasri (formerly a professor at MIT) developed GT PRO (Elmasri, 1988); a computer program for the design simulation of combined cycle power plants (over the years, GT PRO was expanded and today it is commercialized by Thermoflow). Shang, Z., and Kokossis, A. Dynamic Modeling and Control for Pulverized-Coal-Fired Oxy-Combustion Boiler Island. Dynamic Simulation of a Solar Power Plant Steam Generation System. VDI-Verlag. J. Greenhouse Gas Control. Montas, R. M., Skaugen, G., Hagen, B., and Rohde, D. (2021). It is preferred for the proposal stage of a thermal power plant project, e.g., to check whether the load changes according to specific customer requirements are feasible without unacceptable lifetime consumption in thick-walled components. Dynamic Simulation of a HRSG System for a Given Start-Up/Shut Down Curve, in Paper presented at the ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Denver, CO, USA, November 1117, 2011. Parabolic-trough Solar thermal Power Plant Simulation Scheme, Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Calibration and Validation. (2013). However, it is not always possible to extend such design criteria to novel concepts (e.g., concentrated solar power plants, integrated solar combined cycles, hydrogen/synfuels/electricity polygeneraiton plants) because of the different thermodynamics (Martelli et al., 2012) (i.e., efficiency is not maximized following the same criteria developed for combined cycles or conventional fired steam cycles), specific design constraints (e.g., metal dusting on some heat exchangers processing syngas (Spinelli et al., 2015)) and more tight operational constraints (e.g., solidification temperature of the molten salts in CSP plants (Trabucchi et al., 2017; Elsido et al., 2018)). doi:10.1016/j.solener.2011.10.025. Prospects of Using Equilibrium-Based Column Models in Dynamic Process Simulation of post-combustion CO2 Capture for Coal-Fired Power Plant. General Electric Webpage: "Can GE Deliver the Highest Efficiency for My Coal Power Plant?. doi:10.1007/s10107-005-0581-8, Temraz, A., Alobaid, F., Lanz, T., Elweteedy, A., and Epple, B. The partial differential equations are discretized concerning space and time and the non-linear terms are linearized. (2015). Therm. Thus, simulation and optimization models have integrated into a large-scale (typically nonlinear) optimization problem. Res. Cha, H., Song, Y. S., Kim, K. J., Kim, J. R., and Kim, S. M. (2011). 35, 91111. You can also download ADINA System 2018 Free Download. 61, 245265. Energy 113, 875893. 23 (17), 21692182. 9 (6), 063702. doi:10.1063/1.5010828, Yu, H., Feng, X., and Wang, Y. Review of Process Modeling of Solid-Fuel Thermal Power Plants for Flexible and Off-Design Operation. Appl. 3rd edition. Energ., 146154. J. Investigating an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant. Indeed, owing to its favorable thermodynamic properties, steam cycles are not only used in coal-fired power plants but in a large variety of applications such as combined cycles, concentrated solar power plants and polygeneration plants. If a required input stream is not known, since it is the outlet of a downstream unit, it is guessed to allow the calculation of the unit. Optimization of Black-Box Problems Using Smolyak Grids and Polynomial Approximations. Scilab Software Webpage. Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Combined-Cycle Power Plant. CSPs are generally not dispatchable, supplying fluctuating electricity depending on the weather conditions. A: J. Brief Review, Novel Algorithm and Comparative Evaluation. doi:10.1243/0957650991537392, Luo, W., Wang, Q., Huang, X., Liu, Z., and Zheng, C. (2015). (2014). The design of WTE boilers is mainly influenced by the corrosive nature of the flue gases containing chlorine and sulfur (De Greef et al., 2013)). In this study, the white-box dynamic process modeling, applied to steam cycles available in the literature up to 2020 will be reviewed. Moreover, building and simulating all the possible arrangements using conventional simulation codes might be extremely time-consuming. (2005). Thermoflows Application-Specific and Fully-Flexible programs are designed to be used on their own, independently of each other. (1988). Since some of these equations are algebraic (e.g., the equation of state, the enthalpy-temperature-pressure functions, etc.) Energy 90, 15951605. Available at: http://www.asimptote.nl/software/cycle-tempo/ (Accessed May 5, 2021). (2018). Eng. Chem. In 1982 Armor et al. Since the CSP plant is dynamic, considerable numbers of dynamic studies that investigate the performance under different solar irradiance conditions can be found in the literature. A Systematic Approach to the Synthesis and Design of Flexible Site Utility Systems. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.033. 1850, 030048. doi:10.1063/1.4984391. Pyomo (2021). In optimal control problems, u are time-dependent decision variables which need to be optimized to minimize a cost function c: In other words, the optimal control problem aims at finding the optimal trajectory of the control variables u. This further increases the complexity of the simulation/optimization problem calling for the development of ad hoc numerical approaches and computer codes. (2005). Available at: www.ebsilon.com (Accessed May 5, 2021). In another study presented by Albanesi et al. The general idea is that the waste heat of a gas turbine is absorbed by a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) installed downstream in the flue gas path of the gas turbine. This software suite is the most mature suite and is widely used of its genre on the world with more than 7 million runs per year. For the sake of clarity, the review is arranged in three parts. In coal-fired power plants, the start-up procedure represents the most crucial operation process since the thick-walled components expose high pressure and temperature gradients. Thermodynamic simulation with TIL I TLK Energy Applying first principles and using thermodynamic simulation, we identify issues causing power plant performance degradations and quantify the plant efficiency gains/losses due to plant operating. doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2016.01.002, Al-Maliki, W. A. K., Alobaid, F., Starkloff, R., Kez, V., and Epple, B. Numerical and Experimental Study of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator during Start-Up Procedure. A modular software system was developed to optimize thermodynamic and financial operation of the 350 MW Selkirk Cogen combined cycle power plant. A promising match between the model and the operational data has been shown. I have seen that the product is upgraded regularly and often includes new . FIGURE 8. J. Energ. Mech. Cycle optimization techniques: optimization approaches and models aimed to optimize the detailed design of complex steam cycles and steam networks that provide heat and/or electric power to complex process plants and/or sell electricity to the electric grid. Therm. Modelling and Transient Simulation of a Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plant: Dynamic Response to Extended Secondary Control Power Output. Engineering and Validating A World Record Gas Turbine. (2016), proposed an improved multiperiod version of the sequential synthesis methodology employing a derivative-free algorithm to improve the HEN solution by optimizing the penalty levels of the HX matches (Gundersen et al., 1996), the heat recovery approach temperatures, and the utility sizes. Appl. Enhancing the Dynamic Performance of Electricity Production in Steam Power Plants by the Integration of Transient Waste Heat Sources into the Feed-Water Pre-heating System. Appl. Engineering and Operator Training Simulator of Coal-Fired Steam Boiler. Gulen, S. (2020). Energy 131, 425440. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.014. Although the solid waste is known for its varying composition (variation of lower heating value, which in turn has considerable influence on the water/steam cycle and accordingly on the plant operation), a limited number of dynamic simulation studies on fluidized bed systems fired by non-conventional fuels and incineration plants can be found in the literature (see Table 6). B. Alobaid et al. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2013.02.001. Paper presented at the Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Downloads - Thermoflow Steam reheating was first adopted in 1920s and once-through supercritical boilers in the 1950s. TABLE 5. As a result, the MINLP is particularly challenging due to its nonconvexity and a large number of variables and constraints. (2020) investigated the capability of different process simulation software to predict the behavior of a combined-cycle power plant during part loads and off-design operation using the process simulation software tools APROS, ASPEN PLUS DYNAMICS, and Power Plant Simulator and Designer (PPSD). Thermoflow 21.0 - Wannacrack The model was applied to optimize the start-up curves, taking into account the thermal stresses of the thick-walled components. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.109, Ma, J., Chang, C., Wang, Y., and Feng, X. Schematic flow diagram of a modern waste incinerator power plant (source Alobaid et al., 2018a). Allied with the AxSTREAM platform AxCYCLE allows designers to perform a very significant part of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) design, analysis and optimization. Multi-objective Optimization of Multi-Period Interplant Heat Integration Using Steam System. As far as design optimization is concerned, the approaches can be classified into two major categories: black-box approaches and equation-oriented approaches (Biegler et al., 1997). The results show that there was a significant potential for reducing the start-up time, while keeping acceptable component life of the thick-walled components. Nowadays, dynamic process simulation software combines graphical user interface with detailed sub-models for flow, thermodynamic, chemical reactions, mass and heat transfer, automation, and electrical systems, offering rapid assessments of the steam cycle process such as: analysis of control loops and optimization of controller parameter, operating behavior at baseloads, off-design, start-up, and shutdown procedures, Investigation of malfunctions, e.g., steam turbine trip, failure of boiler feed pumps or condensate pumps, blackout, and other. The methodology has been applied to real-world complex problems, namely a flexible Organic Rankine Cycle, an Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle able to operate in two different modes, and a flexible Integrated Solar Combined-Cycle power plant. Available at: http://www.gams.com/ (Accessed May 5, 2021). Compared to equation-oriented software, the convergence issues of sequential modular ones increases rapidly with the number of recycle loops of the flowsheet because more tear variables need to be assumed and converged. Scientific and Technical. Starkloff et al. If some of the optimization variables are binary or discrete, the optimization problem is a Mixed Integer NonLinear Program (MINLP). The minimum load is mainly determined by the gas turbine, where stable combustion, as well as CO and NOx levels in compliance with emission regulations (country-specific regulation), should be conserved. The most basic iterative algorithm to solve such problems is called direct substitution and it consists of using the output of the current iteration as guessed value for the next one: xTk+1 = xTk. 161, 133142. doi:10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00270-6, Jimenez, J., Azapagic, A., and Smith, R. (2019). (2015). 8 Citations Metrics Abstract Considering water level and pressure variation in drum of a natural circulation heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is very crucial to design HRSGs; in other words, if a sudden change occurs in input heat rate, steam and feed water flow rate, drum water level would increase or decrease rapidly. Thermoflow 21 Free Download - Get Into PC Modelling, Optimization and Dynamic Simulation of a Parabolic Trough Power Plant. Sci. A Review of the Application Performances of Concentrated Solar Power Systems. Available at: http://www.wyattllc.com/GateCycle/GateCycle.html (Accessed April 20, 2021). 7: Where x denotes the time-dependent state variables (pressures, temperatures, mass flow rates, etc of each stream and unit of the plant), x denotes the derivative over time, and u the time-dependent control variables (position of valves, inlet fuel flow rate, etc.). Chem. For the first class of steam cycles, it is possible to extend the thermodynamic considerations derived for conventional steam cycles while for the second class it is necessary to deal with the overall plant heat integration. Waste Management 33 (11), 24162424. Simulation thermo-flow CFD Lead - LinkedIn (PDF) A Power Plant Simulation Using Absorption Chillers For District doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.044, Babaelahi, M., Mofidipour, E., and Rafat, E. (2020). Chem. Therm. doi:10.1021/i260074a019, Nittaya, T., Douglas, P. L., Croiset, E., and Ricardez-Sandoval, L. A. In black-box modeling, also known as data-driven models, the process parameters are determined using various regression technologies and artificial intelligence by combining the training data (experimental data) and network structure. (2012) (in 2012, a state-of-the-art review on modeling and simulation of the thermal power plant), Alobaid et al. Fuel 101, 115128. New Features And Applications Of PRESTO: A Computer Code For the Performance Of Regenerative, Superheated Steam Turbine Cycles: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 88 (4), 13661376. (1982), presended one of the most detailed dynamic process simulation models of a coal-fired power plant (Mystic Unit 7 power plant with an electrical output of 550MW) using a tool, so-called modular modeling system. Gill, P. E., Murray, W., and Saunders, M. A. Pearson College Div. (2017). 01CH37204), Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016, Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th International Modelica Conference, ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, Paper presented at the ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Virtual. Due to the increased number of differential equations and closure relations, the two-phase fluid models, in contrast to the mixture flow model, are related to higher computational costs and are suitable for thermodynamic non-equilibrium applications. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.02.017, Sunil, P. U., Barve, J., and Nataraj, P. S. V. (2018). Automatica 36 (3), 363378. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.060, Bakos, G. C., and Petroglou, D. A. For this kind of plants, the energy targeting and the superstructure-based synthesis approaches developed by the process engineering community should be adopted. Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of a Solar Water Heater for an Aviculture Unit Using MATLAB/SIMULINK. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.159, Rossi, I., Sorce, A., and Traverso, A. DBSSPA Computer Program for Simulation of Controlled Circulation Boiler and Natural Circulation Boiler Start up Behavior. Prentice-Hall. Chem. Int. Although the white-box process models show better accuracy compared to the black-box process, the white-box model shows unreliability in many cases because of the lack of relevant fundamental process details. Comput. Experimentally validated axisymmetric simulation for thermo-fluid Kruger et al. Convergence Promotion in the Simulation of Chemical Processes-The General Dominant Eigenvalue Method. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.031, Nord, L. O., Martelli, E., and Bolland, O. In 2018, the total share of worldwide electricity generation by coal-fired power plants accounted for 35% according to the International Energy Agency (IEA) (IEA, 2019). Therm. Since the number of required simulations grows exponentially with the number of independent optimization variables, the black-box approach is recommended only for problems with a limited number of optimization variables (<1020 for non-smooth black-box problems, up to 100 for smooth problems). According to the authors, the simulation can identify the bottlenecks in the start-up procedure of the existing CCPP and devise several optimization actions. Kler, A. M., Zharkov, P. V., and Epishkin, N. O. Dynamic simulation of a heat recovery steam generator doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.08.015, Wang, C., Liu, M., Li, B., Liu, Y., and Yan, J. (1999). As far as cycle design codes are concerned, it is important to note that the design step of a steam cycle is a critical task since decisions taken at this stage affect not only efficiency and costs but also the operational issues (control strategy to be implemented, minimum stable load, efficiency at part-load, maximum ramp-up rate, start-up time, etc.). Meinke, S., Gottelt, F., Mller, M., and Hassel, E. (2011). Management 145, 324334. Schematic diagram of a hard-coal fired power plant (source Starkloff et al., 2015). IEEE Trans. doi:10.3182/20110828-6-IT-1002.00403. 7, 695706. Eng. Therm. Meinke et al. Energy 116 (1), 11041116. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.057, Zhao, Y., Wang, C., Liu, M., Chong, D., and Yan, J. 114, 561572. 444 Thermal flow performance simulation of an electronic - ResearchGate

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