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polymer waste recycling28 May polymer waste recycling

Prog. Waste collectors must be sure that the polymer waste is disposed of separately from common waste. Nearly ubiquitous procedural contamination by airborne plastic fibres32 reported in field and laboratory studies, as well as atmospheric deposition of microplastics in densely populated cities11 and remote mountain regions far from presumed sources33, suggest that inhalation exposure is also likely. Ed. ADS Thank you for visiting nature.com. 9, 443447 (2020). Sci. Additional sources specific to the ocean include abandoned, lost or derelict fishing or aquaculture gear, lost shipping containers and solid waste generated on and lost from ships or at-sea platforms4. Effects of nickel species on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in carbon nanotube and hydrogen production by waste plastic gasification: bench- and pilot-scale tests. At the same time, the recycling of plastic waste is nearly 14-18% [1,13]. "[Our] recycling of waste plastic into virgin-equivalent feedstocks provides the ingredients to create 100% recycled plastics with no limit to the number of times the same material can be recycled decoupling plastic production from fossil resource and entering plastic into a circular economy," says Mahon. Carr, S. A., Liu, J. Environ. Environ. Environ. Reducing environmental plastic pollution by designing polymer materials for managed end-of-life, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00382-0. Ribic, C. A., Sheavly, S. B., Rugg, D. J. Mater. 4, 16101616 (2013). With a conversion rate of more than 99%, nearly all the plastic turns into a useful product. https://plasticsrecycling.org/apr-design-guide, TV Austria: 44, 64106413 (2005). Psychol. PubMed The first commercial-scale unit was installed in Perth in Scotland in 2020. Macromolecules 50, 37333749 (2017). Environ. 36, 716721 (2011). Sci. B. Conserv. and only 9% of all plastic ever made has been recycled, "next grand challenge" for polymer chemistry, cheaper to produce new plastic products than to recycle existing plastic, Every year, more than 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced, That's about the same as 2,700,000 blue whales, plastic waste is recycledto make new plastics, confusion about kerbside recycling or contamination with food or other types of waste, such as salad bags and other food containers, can be carried by the wind or washed into rivers by the rain, the polymer chains are partially broken down, often becomes unsuitable for use in food packaging, can be recycled a very limited number of times, The first commercial-scale unit was installed in Perth in Scotland in 2020, Ineos has become the first to use a technique called depolymerisation on a commercial scale, a report by the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (Gaia), Find out more about how we calculated this figure here, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter. Find out more about how we calculated this figure here. Now, revolutionary technology is advancing the movement. Nicholson, S. R., Rorrer, N. A., Carpenter, A. C. & Beckham, G. T. Manufacturing energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics consumption. As a consequence of carboncarbon bond strength, plastics are resistant to biodegradation, which is desirable in a range of applications, including packaging for food preservation (less than 1-year product use) and outdoor furniture (multi-year use). Between 2019 and 2020, there was a 5.7% overall decrease in plastics recovered for recycling in the U.S. That is the equivalent of 290 million pounds. Westhues, S., Idel, J. Sci. 76, 147156 (2013). 6, 89648975 (2018). Ignatyev, I. 218, 141156 (2019). Sci. EPA-EFE/Legnan Koula. PlasticsThe Facts 2019 (PlasticsEurope, 2019). The process is fairly simple take a plastic drinks bottle. Proponents of a process called pyrolysis including oil and gas companies contend it will keep post-consumer plastics out of landfills and reduce pollution. 53, 10391047 (2019). & Pantke, M. Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests. Sci. 6, 1048110488 (2018). Composting infrastructure has been growing85 as a strategy to divert food and other organic waste from landfills to reduce both landfill volume and methane generation86. Chemical and physical characterization and isotopic tests. Eng. & Jeon, Y.-P. & Waymouth, R. M. Catalysis as an enabling science for sustainable polymers. Mura has recently announced partnerships with the plastic manufacturers Dow and Igus GmbH, and the construction firm KBR. Single-use (disposable) plastics, including packaging, cannot and should not be entirely eliminated because of beneficial properties that allow protection from pathogens, improve food safety and delay spoilage14,15. National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling Science 304, 838838 (2004). Mar. 95, 4046 (2015). Sci. & Klankermayer, J. Molecular catalyst systems as key enablers for tailored polyesters and polycarbonate recycling concepts. This requires extensive knowledge of the necessary processing depth of mixed wastes to enrich plastics and their processability in polymer processing machines. Technol. 493, 656661 (2014). 9, 205229 (2017). Examples of intelligent use of conventional plastics, which should be evaluated according to a riskbenefit analysis106, may include eliminating their use entirely in particular applications, such as the ban of plastic microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics (U.S. Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015); disincentivizing their use, for example, by introducing consumer fees for single-use plastic bags107 or fees charged to product manufacturers108; designing products for reuse or repair to delay disposal72; and creating new systems for product delivery to replace single-use packaging109. It is of course plastic, and this durability is also what makes the material so useful. Polym. Supramolecular high-aspect ratio assemblies with strong antifungal activity. Liu, X., Hong, M., Falivene, L., Cavallo, L. & Chen, E. Y.-X. Boucher, J. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R. & Law, K. L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Alliance to End Plastic Waste: Adv. That's about the same as 2,700,000 blue whales more than 100 times the weight of the entire blue whale population. Ellis, L. D. et al. Plastic Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and - Springer Environ. In 1980, the U.S. produced 7.4 million tons of plastic waste, and 38 years later . Furthermore, increased recycling (or secondary production) does not guarantee a reduction in primary production, which is mainly driven by market forces, including consumer behaviour. Catal. Ed. Macromolecules 26, 29282934 (1993). Pawlak, A., Morawiec, J., Pazzagli, F., Pracella, M. & Galeski, A. Rev. Article Polym. An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles. Environ. 69, 2458 (2017). Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA, USA, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles. "If you heat the reactor from the outside, keeping an even temperature distribution is really hard. Charact. Sci. "The economics do not stack up. Rev. 203, 14731485 (2002). International Energy Agency (IEA). Much of the plastic that could be recycled - such as. The emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. In conventional PET, the carbon in both components originates from fossil feedstocks. A 426, 107116 (2017). Lett. International bodies have further made recommendations to restrict intentional uses of microplastics (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) by request of the European Commission), to limit international trade of plastic waste (UN Basel Convention Annex II) and even to ban particular single-use plastic items (European Parliament Resolution P8 TA(2019)0305). Rorrer, N. A. et al. Zhao, D., Wang, X., Miller, J. Plastics: Material-Specific Data | US EPA ", A pilot plant has shown that the use of very hot, supercritical water can help chemical recycling scale-up to useful levels (Credit: Licella). Sci. Environ. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial supramolecular assemblies with distinctive size and shape. The primary data source on the generation of plastics is the American Chemistry Council. Bull. Bull. Sci. Introduction Recently, there has been concern regarding plastics due to no degradability, the closing of landfill sites, and incrementing land and water pollution problems. Science 369, 15151518 (2020). These products are then shipped to the petrochemical industry. Borrelle, S. B. et al. Mar. & Macosko, C. W. Drop breakup and coalescence in polymer blends: the effects of concentration and compatibilization. At the research and development stage, new polymers should be tested according to international standards (ASTM/ISO) to assess performance and complete processing in specified recycling or biological treatment systems. Carpenter, E. J., Anderson, S. J., Harvey, G. R., Miklas, H. P. & Peck, B. Res. Furthermore, the application of such technologies should only be considered for waste processing in an industrial system and not for deployment in the natural environment as a waste removal strategy. Nature Reviews Materials thanks Denise Mitrano and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R. C. & Thiel, M. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. PubMed Central As main meal for sperm whales: plastics debris. & Sainsbury, M. Polystyrene waste in the Severn Estuary. Tandem heterogeneous catalysis for polyethylene depolymerization via an olefin-intermediate process. Int. Bucci, K., Tulio, M. & Rochman, C. M. What is known and unknown about the effects of plastic pollution: a meta-analysis and systematic review. X 6, 100037 (2020). K.L.L. ADS : Common Recyclables Deciding to recycle items is just the first step. Plastic upcycling. The total MSW recycled was more than 69 million tons, with paper and paperboard accounting for approximately 67 percent of that amount. 5, 501516 (2020). Polym. UK-based Recycling Technologies has developed a pyrolysis machine that turns hard-to-recycle plastic such as films, bags and laminated plastics into Plaxx. Having made its way into the food chain, it permeates our bodies, flowing from our blood into our organs, even finding its way into the human placenta. https://www.tuv-at.be/green-marks/certifications/, Law, K.L., Narayan, R. Reducing environmental plastic pollution by designing polymer materials for managed end-of-life. Science 355, 814816 (2017). 69, 2458 (2017). Tan, J. P. K. et al. Mura's Teesside plant, due for completion in 2022,aims to process 80,000 tonnes of previously unrecyclable plastic waste every year, as a blueprint for a global rollout, with sites planned in Germany and the US. Sci. Angew. So far, the stumbling block has been the large amount of energy it requires. The new plastic economy - catalysing action. Nature 603, 803814 (2022). The most widely produced plastics (PE, PP, PS) contain carboncarbon (CC) backbones, which are resistant to biodegradation, whether or not they are manufactured from biobased feedstock. There, the rubbish is sorted, either mechanically or by hand, into different kinds of materials and different kinds of plastics. A key task in polymer design is to define a pathway for end-of-life recovery and processing in specific waste treatment systems (Fig. & Ross, D. E. The future of recycling in the United States. The plastic waste arrives on site in bales contaminated, multi-layer plastic such as flexible films and rigid trays that would otherwise have gone to incineration or energy-from-waste plants. Closed-loop polymer upcycling by installing property-enhancing comonomer sequences and recyclability. Natl Acad. 11, 442 (2019). Chem. 53, 1187711887 (2019). The vast majority of traditional plastics are manufactured from petrochemical (fossil) feedstocks60. The general steps of polymer recycling are collection, sorting, washing, resizing, identification and compounding. A 8, 1392113926 (2020). Hazard. Bergmann, M. et al. Using a forensic science approach to minimize environmental contamination and to identify microfibres in marine sediments. Melanie Bergmann, France Collard, Mine B. Tekman, Claire F. Hunt, Wilson H. Lin & Nikolaos Voulvoulis, Coralie Jehanno, Jill W. Alty, Haritz Sardon, Miwa Suzuki, Yuya Tachibana & Ken-ichi Kasuya, Ainara Sangroniz, Jian-Bo Zhu, Haritz Sardon, Peter R. Christensen, Angelique M. Scheuermann, Brett A. Helms, Vincent Fauvelle, Marc Garel, Richard Sempr, Franziska Klaeger, Alexander S. Tagg, Matthias Labrenz, Adam G. Clause, Aaron J. Celestian & Gregory B. Pauly, Nature Reviews Materials ChemSusChem 13, 31223126 (2020). Anal. Catal. 15, 1900489 (2020). Results for some polymers challenge the existing plastic recycling hierarchy. Nat. Pang, C. et al. Kara Lavender Law. Although the impact of this apparently ubiquitous environmental plastic contamination remains to be fully understood, attention is shifting towards particles of microns in size and smaller, in particular, fibres and presumed nanoscale particles50, because of their abundance, widespread distribution and increased risk to wildlife (and humans) through ingestion and inhalation (Box1). Bull. Press, 1998). 62, 15961605 (2011). Rochman, C. M., Kurobe, T., Flores, I. Precarious workers in the informal waste sector collect, sort and sell recyclable materials and carry out 60% of global recycling. CAS "[Chemical] recycling is a new sector, but the scale at which it is developing, specifically for Mura, shows both the urgent need for new technology to tackle the rising problem of plastic waste and environmental leakage, and an opportunity to recycle a valuable ready-resource, which is currently going to waste,"Mahon says. Even the "fillers" used in some plastics such as chalk, colourants and plasticisers aren't a problem. Chem 7, 137145 (2021). & Chen, E. Y.-X. For maximum resource recovery, or circularity, municipal solid waste must first be collected and sorted before entering the appropriate treatment system. Chem. "This is true circular recycling. Kim, H. T. et al. J. Ind. Coelho, P. M., Corona, B., ten Klooster, R. & Worrell, E. Sustainability of reusable packagingCurrent situation and trends. 176, 93106 (2001). But Mura argues that their plant will fill a much-needed niche. Ward, C. P. & Reddy, C. M. Opinion: we need better data about the environmental persistence of plastic goods. Environ. Angew. Through case studies, the model is applied to existing recycling challenges. Development of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. Article Polym. & Nielsen, T. G. Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics 10 m in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution. 51, 10681069 (2017). Sources include improperly managed solid waste7, pulse inputs from natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis and hurricanes, resin pellets spilled during production, handling or transport34, application of plastic films to agricultural fields26 and debris such as tyre wear particles or textile fibres carried in wastewater or stormwater outflows35, or in the atmosphere12,13. 37, 27762796 (2018). Design through the 12 principles of green engineering. 5, 501516 (2020). 165, 119133 (2017). Waste Manag. The term microplastics was first used in the scientific literature to describe microscopic plastic fragments and fibres collected from marine sediments and seawater126. & Erdmann, E. S. Trends and drivers of marine debris on the Atlantic coast of the United States 19972007. Fate of biodegradable polymers under industrial conditions for anaerobic digestion and aerobic composting of food waste. Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. & Flury, M. Is biodegradable plastic mulch the solution to agricultures plastic problem? Narayan, R. Carbon footprint of bioplastics using biocarbon content analysis and life-cycle assessment. Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M.) 75115 (Springer Open, 2015). Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer - Nature Dashed lines indicate processes either under development (depolymerization), in early commercial use (pyrolysis) or in partial commercial use (incineration with energy recovery). Macromol. Sci. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? National overview: facts and figures on materials, wastes and recycling. Demarteau, J., OHarra, K. E., Bara, J. E. & Sardon, H. Valorization of plastic wastes for the synthesis of imidazolium-based self-supported elastomeric ionenes. B. "These drop into our heaviest hydrocarbon product, heavy wax residue, which is a bitumen-type binder for use in the construction industry.". Shi, C. et al. At recycling facilities, plastic waste is generally sorted, cleaned, chopped up or shredded into bits, melted down and remolded. Identification of microfibers in the environment using multiple lines of evidence. Sci. Data from ref.1, analysis updated for 20162018. TerraCycle Sherrington, C. Plastics in the marine environment. ACS Sustain. Polymer material selection and product design must incorporate available strategies for end-of-life management and also strive to eliminate, or at least minimize, environmental persistence. Environ. 283, 125263 (2021). Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic. Waste into starting materials: Solvent-based recycling for polymers "The interesting thing here is that Mura can find value in plastics that aren't usually economically viable to recycle mechanically," says Taylor Uekert, researcher at the Cambridge Creative Circular Plastics Centre, University of Cambridge. Chen, E. Chemically recyclable polymers: a circular economy approach to sustainability. Recycl. There is evidence of further size reduction of microplastics into particles smaller than 2m from laboratory weathering exposures131 and in colloidal material collected from seawater132. Recycl. & Rochman, C. M. The plastic cycle: a watershed-scale model of plastic pools and fluxes. Chem. The first formal definition was proposed as plastic particles smaller than 5mm, with a lower size limit operationally defined by the plankton net mesh size used to measure them (typically ~0.3-0.5mm)127. Brahney, J., Hallerud, M., Heim, E., Hahnenberger, M. & Sukumaran, S. Plastic rain in protected areas of the United States. A., Alomair, N. A., Akhtar, S. & Bahnemann, D. W. ZnO@ porous graphite nanocomposite from waste for superior photocatalytic activity. Polym. Google Scholar. For these reasons, the ASTM standard test method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by a Defined Microbial Consortium or Natural Sea Water Inoculum (ASTM D6691) cautions against extrapolating successful laboratory test results to disposal in the natural environment. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris. M. Plummer, C., Li, L. & Chen, Y. 4, eaas9024 (2018). Total Environ. Google Scholar. J. Ind. 51, 1368913697 (2017). Moraga, G. et al. Mar. Nutr. Innovations in recycling - National Geographic Mechanical recycling is the most common method for the recycling of plastic waste, although only 9% of plastics produced globally from 1950 to 2015 were recycled1. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (2019). Moreover, sorting and characterization techniques for polymer waste recycling are detailed and their importance is discussed. The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. The banana industry has welcomed a scheme which sees . Carlton, J. T. et al. wrote the manuscript and both authors edited and revised the manuscript prior to submission. US EPA https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials (2017). Nat. Technol. Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. Microb. Pollut. However, most experiments are not representative of environmental exposure conditions with respect to polymer type, particle size, shape and concentration, and associated chemicals123. 23, 541548 (2019). Eng. Britt, P. et al. Waste Manag. Chem. 4). Biodegradable materials that are accidentally lost or intentionally disposed (including by misinformed consumers) in locations where environmental degradation conditions are not met are likely to persist, contaminating the environment and potentially increasing risk owing to fragmentation into smaller, more readily ingestible particles. These requirements should define a molecular structure that enables robust material performance and responsible end-of-life processing (Fig. & Bamford, H.) 49 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2009). PubMed Central 4, 539556 (2021). Nat. At present, less than 20% of post-consumer plastic waste in developed countries is recycled, predominately for energy recovery or repurposing as lower-value materials by mechanical recycling. Adv. Technol. Google Scholar. Bandini, F. et al. J. Environ. Both authors contributed to the design and content of the manuscript. Saito, K. et al. Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P. & Van Woerden, F. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 (World Bank, 2018). 12, 529599 (2015). PubMed The transport of non-native and potentially invasive species across ocean basins by long-lived debris was demonstrated in an unprecedented rafting event, in which 289 living coastal marine species were carried from Japan to Hawaiian and North American shores for 6 years following the 2011 Thoku Earthquake and tsunami116. Sci. 1, 10621069 (2013). Nicholson, S. R., Rorrer, N. A., Carpenter, A. C. & Beckham, G. T. Manufacturing energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics consumption. Allwood, J. M. Sustainable materials. Environ. The firm Plastic Energy has two commercial-scale pyrolysis plants in Spain and plans to expand into France, the Netherlands and the UK. Internet Explorer). Addressing the challenges of plastic waste | McKinsey With so much ending up in landfill and the environment, plastic will continue doing what it was made to do endure. ingest microplastic debris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Solution oriented: Chemical recycling is an important addition to the recycling landscape. Biodegradable plastic is often invoked as a desired solution to plastic pollution in water and on land63,64. Rahimi, A. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. Fukushima, K. et al. Easterling, C. P., Kubo, T., Orr, Z. M., Fanucci, G. E. & Sumerlin, B. S. Synthetic upcycling of polyacrylates through organocatalyzed post-polymerization modification. Selective upcycling of BPA-PC wastes into functionalized six-member cyclic carbonates through an organocatalysed-mediated depolymerization. USA 117, 2547625485 (2020). Science to Enable Sustainable Plastics https://www.rsc.org/globalassets/22-new-perspectives/sustainability/progressive-plastics/c19_tl_sustainability_cs3_whitepaper_a4_web_final.pdf (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020). Chem. Chem. Adapted with permission from ref.1, AAAS. Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M.) 141181 (Springer Open, 2015). The new, lower grade plastic often becomes unsuitable for use in food packaging and most plastic can be recycled a very limited number of times before it is so degraded it becomes unusable. Technol. Ecol. Polymers must be designed not only for the desired application and use properties but also for managed treatment at end-of-life. Angew. Polym. Schneiderman, D. K. & Hillmyer, M. A. An aspirational goal is the development of infinitely recyclable materials together with infrastructure to capture and efficiently process goods made of such materials at the end of their useful life75. https://resource-plastic.com/, Sustainable development goals: Narayan, R. in Soil Degradable Bioplastics for a Sustainable Modern Agriculture Ch. Choice of polymer backbone and linkages will determine end-of-life treatment options. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Equiza, N., Yave, W., Quijada, R. & YazdaniPedram, M. Use of SEBS/EPR and SBR/EPR as binary compatibilizers for PE/PP/PS/HIPS blends: a work oriented to the recycling of thermoplastic wastes. Advanced recycling also has sustainability benefits. The world's first 'infinite' plastic - BBC Future For example, large debris is typically measured by visual surveys42,43,44, whereas small, but still visible, debris is collected with nets in water or by sieving sediments and soils. Polyethylene upcycling to long-chain alkylaromatics by tandem hydrogenolysis/aromatization. To achieve future recycling targets and CO 2 and waste reduction, the transfer of plastic contained in mixed waste from thermal recovery to mechanical recycling is a promising option. This Review gives an overview on the viscosity behavior of polymer solutions, evaluates the most suitable models to predict viscosity of solutions in a recycling context, and discusses the influence of viscosity on purification by filtration and centrifugation. Environ. & Znoag, M. Compatibilization strategies toward new polymer materials from re-/up-cycled plastics. Polym. Industrial composting and anaerobic digestion are biological waste treatment processes62 currently used to process organic waste, including food waste, yard trimmings and food-soiled paper. Similarly, if the compostable organic waste stream becomes contaminated by non-compostable conventional plastics or materials containing harmful or recalcitrant additives, the quality and value of the compost are reduced87,88. Ingestion of plastic debris occurs across all levels of the marine food web and for debris ranging from microns to metres in size (for example, 9m of rope, 4.5m of hose and two flowerpots ingested by one sperm whale117). Google Scholar. Zhang, J., Yan, B., Wan, S. & Kong, Q. Science 351, 11961199 (2016). Even if a polymer satisfies the design criteria for use and end-of-life, it is important to ensure that product design allows for materials to be recoverable, sortable and separable at end-of-life, and that the designated waste collection and processing systems are available within the product distribution and use region. However, the actual risks and impacts on humans remain unknown. Environ. In 2020, a report by the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (Gaia), a group of organisations and individuals who promote social movements to reduce waste and pollution, concluded that chemical recycling is polluting, energy intensive and prone to technical failures. Science 375, 545550 (2022). J. Resour. Dris, R. et al. Chemical recycling broadly refers to a multitude of chemical processes applied to decompose polymers into monomers (total depolymerization) or oligomers and other intermediates (partial depolymerization), which may then be used to form conventional or newly designed polymers. Sci. 58, 86548668 (2019). Hong, M. & Chen, E. Y.-X. Technol. For example, for polymers currently used in packaging applications, the APR Design Guide for Plastics Recyclability provides a practical assessment of design features that are compatible with North American mechanical recycling infrastructure, including the criterion that at least 60% of the population has access to recycling collection. Pollut. ACS Sustain. Nat. Hong, M. & Y.-X. volume603,pages 803814 (2022)Cite this article. Mar. Science 357, 14021406 (2017). Adv. A. in Marine Anthropogenic Litter Ch. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Int. Angew. a | Distribution of global plastic production according to polymer type, grouped by carboncarbon backbone (LDPE/LLDPE, HDPE, PPs, PS, PVC), ester backbone (PET) and urethane backbone (PUs) polymers, and other polymers. acknowledges the financial support from the University of Birmingham. Sharma, P., Lochab, B., Kumar, D. & Roy, P. K. Sustainable bis-benzoxazines from cardanol and PET-derived terephthalamides. Enders, K., Lenz, R., Stedmon, C. A. B. Polymer Recycling in Additive Manufacturing: an Opportunity for the

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