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neutron detection scintillators28 May neutron detection scintillators

CAS 92, 611. Atoms 268(11), 18181823. Evidence of fast neutron detection capability of the cllb scintillation detector. Nucl. Isot. Nucl. Methods Phys. Recent developments in Geant4. Moryc, U. This is a further characteristic that makes the ZnS:Ag/LiBO/PDMS detector a good candidate for neutron detection in a great variety of applications, as highlighted before. Other phases are present, as evidenced in the graph, but assignment to a precise structure is difficult owing to the superposition of peaks with tetraborate. From the ones that have a negligible response to the gamma-rays, there are the scintillator screens, which consist of a mixture of compounds (usually a neutron converter such as \(^6\)Li or \(^{10}\)B compounds mixed with inorganic scintillators such as: ZnS:Ag12, ZnS:Cu13, GYAGG14, perovskite nanocrystals15, etc.) However, the maximum value of light output was estimated to be around 30,000 ph/neutron-capture-event. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.09.031 (2014). ), from Eljen Technologies Texas-USA, is shown for comparison purposes. Sect. Instrum. Also, in that case, the use of a phantom to predict with accuracy the type and entity of secondary radiation is of paramount importance to describe in detail the effects of radiation-body interaction, thereby avoiding radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor cells11. Phys. This possibility is close at hand, taking into account the cutting-edge technology that very recently led to ultra-highly sensitive organic phototransistors (OPTs), with an unprecedented limit of detection as low as few nW/cm\(^2\)35. 10b). The photo in the graph inset shows the powder extracted from the muffle furnace. Considering only the \(^{6}\)Li atoms, this proportion is further reduced to 15%. Alloy. In the case of Pechini synthesis, the peaks are assigned to an almost pure lithium tetraborate phase, as indexed in the graph (Li\(_2\)B\(_4\)O\(_7\) tetraborate, PDF 00-084-2191), and it is in agreement with previous literature24,25. The \(\gamma\)-rays region in the 2D-PSD plot is slightly curved at high energies. Furthermore, the response of the detector was modeled using the Monte Carlo method (Geant4 v10.7), and the comparison between the experimental and simulation results showed that only 10% of the neutron captures that occur in the scintillator material are able to produce a measurable event. 3, where the spectra of powders are collected in Attenuated Total Reflectance mode (FT-IR, ATR). The analysis of the signals is performed by following the so-called double integration method or charge comparison method12, in order to separate the thermal neutron induced events from other kinds of events, such as: \(\gamma\)-rays induced events, noise, etc. 10(1), 1959. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09967-4 (2019). . Nucl. & Ptak, W. Infrared spectra of \(\beta\)-BaB2O4 and LiB3O5: New nonlinear optical materials. The thermal neutron counting rate of each detector has been determined by integrating the light output (\(Q_{total}\)) spectrum (see Fig. Neutron detection with scintillators | JCS Nuclear Solutions Recent Trends in Elpasolite Single Crystal Scintillators for Radiation Nat. Department of Physics and Astronomy Galileo Galilei, University of Padova, Padua, Italy, Felix Pino,Jessica Carolina Delgado,Sara Maria Carturan,Giorgia Mantovani,Gianluigi Maggioni&Sandra Moretto, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy, Felix Pino,Sara Maria Carturan&Gianluigi Maggioni, Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Povo, Italy, Matteo Polo,Daniela Fabris&Sandra Moretto, TIFPA-Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN, Povo, Italy, You can also search for this author in Phys. Gd-containing scintillators for thermal neutron detection via graph Sect. Using the G4Step and G4Track classes (implemented on the G4UserSteppingAction class), it was possible to track the history of each event during each step, and for example, have access to the position of the particle, time, kinetic energy, deposited energy, type of interaction, etc. Therefore, as it is not possible at the moment to access a neutron facility with full and accurate description of the irradiation field, the neutron detection efficiency is reported with respect to the EJ-420 (commercial detector) performance, which, according to its producer, exhibits an absolute thermal neutron detection efficiency of 55%. A fast neutron has strong penetration ability through dense and bulky objects, which makes it an ideal nondestructive technology for detecting voids, cracks, or other defects inside large equipment. Nucl. This encouraging outcome and the outstanding mechanical properties above demonstrated make the ZnS:Ag/LiBO-based scintillator an optimal choice as thermal neutron detector in specific challenging applications. Res. commercial plastic scintillators (EJ-299 and EJ-276G from Eljen Technology) were wrapped with the LiBO-based scintillator. PubMed scintillator has been developed Neutron energy spectrometry is based on event-by-event detection and reconstruction of neutron energy from the measurement of the knock-on proton track length and the amt. A 751, 6269. In this work the algorithm implemented in the FPGA provided for each triggered event: the timestamp, the total (\(Q_{total}\)), and the partial (\(Q_{short}\)) integrals of the waveforms. Nucl. The elastomeric nature of the matrix and the intimate powder mixing allow the achievement of a composite with withstand extremely small curvature radii without failure. Powders prepared through the Pechini method or direct thermal synthesis were analyzed for the crystal structure by high resolution-X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD, Panalytical, MRD) . Therefore, the experimental work and the herein reported measurements under thermal neutrons irradiation have been pursued to assess the key features of this thin, nanocomposite, light emitting material, thereby providing a proof-of-principle for the development of a fully flexible thermal neutrons detector, composed of an elastic sensor coupled to bendable organics-based transistors. Book https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2860(99)00164-7 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.11.002 (2016). Sect. A 735, 202206. The CLYC-6 and CLYC-7 response to \(\gamma\)-rays, fast and thermal neutrons. B. Scintillations from organic crystals: Specific fluorescence and relative response to different radiations. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02819-8 (1997). 11 the schematic view of the DAQ system. In the BNCT specific case, required responsively is toward thermal neutrons, whose capture by boron-10 doped cancer cells generates ionizing radiations able to destroy the sick surrounding tissue10. The following expression is used in the calculation: where \(N_{ptm}(E)\) is the total number of photoelectrons collected at the anode of the PMT when a thermal neutron is detected, \(\eta _{L}\) is the light collection efficiency, \(N_{ph}(E)\) is the number of photons per energy unit produced in the scintillator at a given energy, \(QE(\lambda )\) the quantum efficiency and \(\epsilon\) the efficiency of photo-electron collection. 10e (light output \(\sim\) 0.40.6 MeVee). The light reaction products (alpha and tritium) emitted after the neutron capture reactions might escape the LiBO grain, travel through the matrix and hit the scintillating grain (ZnS:Ag). Imaging 6, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6110124 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018 (2018). In those figures, the cluster of \(\gamma\)-rays, fast and thermal neutrons induced events are clearly recognizable. 10a, for the discrimination between fast neutrons and gamma-rays and fast neutrons and thermal neutrons are FoM[n-\(\gamma\)] = (1.29 0.02) and FoM[n-n\(_{th}\)] = (3.75 0.02) respectively. The presence of \(^{10}\)B in the network instead of natural boron can induce moderate shifts in the peak position, as evidenced in literature37,38. Triple pulse shape discrimination and capture-gated spectroscopy in a composite heterogeneous scintillator. J. Instrum. Figure 10c shows a picture in which both plastics are covered by the thermal neutron scintillator; two circular pieces used to cover one of the flat surfaces of the plastic scintillators are shown as well. The precursors solution (\(^{6}\)Li\(_{2}\)C\(O_{3}\) and H\(_{3}^{10}\)B\(O_{3}\)) with PVP was stirred at 60 \(^{\circ }\)C for 1 hour, then it was poured in a large Petri dish and dried in an oven at 60 \(^{\circ }\)C overnight. and JavaScript. Radiat. Appl. In order to highlight the potentialities of the new proposed thermal neutron scintillator, a hybrid detector configuration was studied, i.e. Nucl. A 830, 191196. Radiat. To determine the absolute magnitude of the neutron spectra measured using liquid organic scintillators, it is important to evaluate the neutron-detection efficiencies of the scintillator. 1). J. Mol. An example of such material is Ce-doped 6-Li glass. The problem of thermal neutron detection by organic and inorganic materials is the subject for discussion since the late fifties and is relevant in the current investigations [5, 20, 21].For high a values the thermal neutron path in a scintillator is significantly shorter than the penetration depth of photons of gamma radiation of middle and high-energies. Simulated paths range on the polydimethylsiloxane matrix and on a LiBO target of the daughter products coming from the \(^{6}\)Li and \(^{10}\)B thermal neutron reaction. Thermal neutron relative efficiencies of the ZnS:Ag/LiBO-based detectors with respect to the EJ-420 detector. where \(N_{CPS}\) is the false neutron counts per second, \(A_{i}\) is the activity of the i-th source, \(\Omega\) is the solid angle and \(\gamma _{i,j}\) is the intensity of the j-th gamma line of the i-th source. We have also tested composite scintillators, which are an alternative to organic single crystals, used in the 70's last century. However, inefficient fast neutron detection limits widespread application of this technique. Neutron detection is an indirect physical process: neutrons react with nuclei in materials to initiate the release of one or more charged particles that produce electric signals that can be processed by the detection system. 16(11), P11034. PDF Fast Neutron Spectroscopy With Organic Scintillation Detectors in a Res. We developed optical fiber-based neutron detectors that use small pieces of 6Li-based scintillators, namely, Eu:LiCaAlF6 crystals and LiF/Eu:CaF 2 eutectics. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Khalilzadeh, N. et al. Sect. Isot. Sensitivity and linearity of optical fiber-based neutron detectors Nevertheless, the signals induced by neutron capture on the \(^{10}\)B are expected to have smaller amplitudes (and also smaller integrals) than those induced by neutron captures on \(^{6}\)Li, because the signal in the case of \(^{10}\)B is primarily made up of alpha particle induced scintillation (\(\sim\)1.5MeV), whereas the scintillation signal induced by \(^{7}\)Li is highly quenched. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The proton beam has a frequency of 3 MHz rep rate and a width of 2 ns for each pulse, the energy of the proton beam was set to 5.5 MeV, thus the energy of the fast neutron flux was 3.8 MeV. MethodsX 6, 107114. Also designed and produced the scintillators and assisted in the measurement campaigns. The EJ-426 thermal neutron detector has the same composition as the EJ-420, but the material is dispersed in a colorless binder, producing a thin composite layer of about 0.25 mm displaying minimal flexibility. 4c the commercial analog detector EJ-420 (\(2^{\prime \prime}\) dia. Instrum. The third assembly was built for comparison purposes and consisted of the EJ-420 (disk of 2\(^{\prime \prime}\) of diameter) optically coupled to one face of the EJ-299. Sect. Radiat. Fast Neutron Imaging with Semiconductor Nanocrystal Scintillators Methods Phys. Pino, F. et al. of the pulse-height spectrum of the scintillator corresponding to a specific experimental condition. Boron-loaded plastic scintillator with neutron-\(\gamma\) pulse shape discrimination capability. In order to derive the main features of the ZnS:Ag/LiBO/PDMS scintillator, three types of assemblies were tested with the EJ-299 plastic scintillator. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Guzmn-Garca, K. A. et al. Boron-loaded organic glass scintillators. Google Scholar. Bass, C. et al. Coupling one of the ZnS:Ag/LiBO/PDMS scintillators (the ZnS:Ag/LiBO 3:1; 20% v/v was selected only because we had sufficient material to perform the tests) to a plastic scintillator, with fast neutron/gamma-ray discrimination capability, it is possible to build a highly efficient single detector unit able to discriminate between thermal neutrons, fast neutrons and \(\gamma\)-rays simultaneously. van der Ende, B. M., Li, L., Godin, D. & Sur, B. Stand-off nuclear reactor monitoring with neutron detectors for safeguards and non-proliferation applications. J. As can be seen, the EJ-420 is supported and surrounded by a rigid plastic material. Nguyen, L. Q. et al. Fast neutrons can be an often under-appreciated but significant biological dose from accelerators and nuclear facilities, serve as a way of detecting nuclear materials, and can often yield significant and difficult to control backgrounds in low-rate experiments such as neutrino and dark matter searches. 48, 1860118. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010194518601187 (2018). Organic scintillators and their applications in neutron detection Nucl. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Six different samples of ZnS:Ag/LiBO/PDMS scintillators were tested using the neutron flux generated by the \(^{7}\)Li(p,n)\(^{7}\)Be reaction (proton energy \(\sim\)5.5MeV) at the Van de Graaff accelerator at the Laboratori Nazionali di LegnaroINFN. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.091 (2010). Instrum. J. Res. It means that full coverage of the curved walls of the 2\(^{\prime \prime}\) plastic scintillator leads to a 75% enhancement in thermal neutron detection efficiency. Taking into account that the fluorophore entrapped into the light emitting composite sensor is the same (ZnS:Ag) used in EJ-420, a negligible difference between the shape of the signals is expected. So, the neutron detection efficiency normalized to the \(^{6}\)Li content is much higher for the LiBO-based scintillator (\(\sim\) 380% with respect to the EJ-420). One approach to detecting fast neutrons (above approximately 1 keV in energy) is with organic scintillators, which emit light in response to . assisted in the XRD analysis. One of the scintillator samples with a weight ratio of 2:1 was studied, and no significant difference was observed with respect to the 3:1 samples. 5. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2207.09781 . To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Simultaneous Gamma-Neutron Vision device: A portable and versatile tool for nuclear inspections (2022). Influence of the nature of ionizing particles on the specific luminescence of organic scintillators. The overall scintillation can be mainly divided into three stages: conversion, transport, and emission. Google Scholar. Instrum. Radiat. Felix Pino. Bureau Stand. 69(4), 668676. For the assemblies using the two types of read-out devices (PMT and MPPC), the long G\(_{L}\), and short G\(_{S}\) integration gates were optimized until finding the largest FoM values for the discrimination between fast neutrons and the \(\gamma\)-rays. Fission chambers Inner surface of gas tube is coated with a fissile material (U-235) - Current mode in reactor operation The crystals were doped with Na, CO3 and Tl activators with the aim to develop a scintillator having enhanced neutron detection efficiency. A 1005, 165398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165398 (2021). Overley, J. et al. Due to the fact that the pulse-height spectrum of the ZnS:Ag/LiBO-based scintillator is continuous, the position of the average \(Q_{total}\) was used to obtain the average absolute light output. S1), the dimension of the LiBO grains (average of \(\sim\)2\(\upmu\)m) was found to be very close to the range of \(^7\)Li ions (E = 0.84MeV) in LiBO (density = 2.4g/cm\(^3\)), which is 2.1\(\upmu\)m. So, the probability that a \(^7\)Li ion escapes from a LiBO grain is expected to be low, furthermore, if it escapes, the energy deposited on a ZnS:Ag grain (and subsequently the light yield) would be low in comparison with the one deposited by the alpha particle. 107, 5866. Cite this article. Pulse shape analysis of LiI:Tl crystal scintillators - ResearchGate Modern digitizers are based on a programmable FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), where the digitized waveform can be pre-processed online. In our case, a measurement performed with a \(^{252}\)Cf source (moderated with 6 cm of polyethylene) was used. The deep yellow, solid gel was pulverized in an agate mortar and transferred into an alumina boat. New mixtures of liquid scintillators have been developed for a time-of-flight neutron detector array with position sensitivity, high . Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2006.04.173 (2006). 11 the experimental set-up), to moderate the fast neutrons and obtain a thermal neutron flux. Marco, J.L. etal. F.P. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125 (2016). Sect. Methods Phys. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). 1). S.M.C. The neutron flux was obtained by impinging the proton beam from the accelerator into a \(^{7}\)Li target (700 \(\upmu\) g/cm\(^2\) thick), where the following nuclear reaction takes place \(^{7}\)Li(p,n)\(^{7}\)Be. The signals were digitized by a fast CAEN digitizer model V1730, which has a sampling rate of 500 MSamples/s, and an ADC resolution of 14-bit. Allison, J. et al. Methods Phys. In Fig. Pino, F., Delgado, J.C., Carturan, S.M. ADS The larger the FoM value, the better the system discrimination. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.11.119 (2016). If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Thermal neutron detection is a key subject for nuclear physics research and also in a wide variety of applications from homeland security to nuclear medicine. Explosives detection via fast neutron transmission spectroscopy. This statement is also supported by a previous work of our group, in which a scintillation material based on \(^{6}\)LiF nano-crystals, with a higher \(^{6}\)Li content (2.6 mg/\(cm^2\)) and without Boron23, showed a higher thermal neutron detection efficiency relative to EJ-420 (up to 90%). 8). In this work, it is proposed a novel flexible and conformable composite thermal neutron scintillator based on a fully enriched Lithium Tetraborate preparation (\(^{6}\)Li\(_2^{10}\)B\(_4\)O\(_7\)) combined with a phosphorescent inorganic scintillator powder (ZnS:Ag), and is then distributed into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. In Fig. 255(12), 9197. As can be observed the ZnS:Ag/LiBO/PDMS scintillator can easily reach a small curvature radius, demonstrating exceptional flexibility. 6a typical waveforms corresponding to thermal neutron-induced events of the tested detectors are shown. As a consequence, a compact detector capable of detecting and discriminating between \(\gamma\)-rays, fast, and thermal neutrons was obtained. In the code, the geometrical model of the LiBO-based scintillator consists of a disc of diameter 50 mm and thickness 0.4 mm (average of real samples). 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