cfi notebook navigation and flight planningcfi notebook navigation and flight planning

cfi notebook navigation and flight planning28 May cfi notebook navigation and flight planning

U.S. standard lateral accuracy values typically used for various routes and procedures supporting RNAV operations may be based on use of a specific navigational system or sensor such as GPS, or on multi-sensor RNAV systems having suitable performance Depiction of PBN Requirements: [Figure 1-4], Very high frequency omni-directional ranges (VORs) are the principal NAVAIDs that support the Victor and Jet airways, Many other navigation tools are also available to the pilot, For example, non-directional beacons (NDBs) can broadcast signals accurate enough to provide stand-alone approaches, and DME allows the pilot to pinpoint a reporting point on the airway, Though primarily navigation tools, these NAVAIDs can also transmit voice broadcasts, Tactical air navigation (TACAN) channels are represented as the two- or three-digit numbers following the three-letter identifier in the NAVAID boxes, The AeroNav Products terminal procedures provide a frequency-pairing table for the TACAN-only sites. RF turn capability is optional in RNP 1 eligibility. RF turn capability is optional in RNP 0.3 eligibility. Introduction: Cockpit management are the actions and procedures, starting with preflight, in which all necessary equipment, documents, checklists, and navigation charts appropriate for the flight are on board and easily accessible. Call: (916) 427-7707. Instrument Rating Lesson Plans - CFI Notebook Navigation Charts - CFI Notebook and the termination point (e.g., the path terminates at an altitude, distance, fix, etc. Those subject areas are all listed below: Fundamentals of Instruction The Learning Process Human Behavior and Effective Communication The Teaching Process Teaching Methods Critique and Evaluation Time, distance, and speed calculations information, Determining Courses & Headings Information, CFI Notebook.net - Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs), Air Safety Institute's "A Visit to the Grey Lady", Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Aeronautical Information Manual (3-1-5) VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels, Aeronautical Information Manual (7-6-4) Obstructions To Flight, Aeronautical Information Manual (7-6-5) Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons, Federal Aviation Regulations (91.119) Minimum safe altitudes: General, While often associated with completing a navigation log for a cross-country, flight planning is a process that must be conducted even for local flights in the traffic pattern, It is a descriptive process therefore involving more than one, If no wind information is available, plan using statistical winds, make them headwinds to be conservative in your fuel planning, Charts are all "true" as in true north and must be compensated to find magnetic north, Diverts (direction and channels/frequencies), Check points should be set approximately 10 NM apart, The purpose of flight planning is to become familiar with information pertaining to an intended flight, The work put in is also necessary to accurately complete FAA Form 7233-1, better known as a, According to FAR 91.103, pilots in command are required to familiarize themselves with information pertaining to the flight, The "how" is a product of flight planning but the "who, what, when, and where" provides a useful starting point, These required actions can be remembered using the acronym "NW KRAFT" or "WX-KRAFTN", A: Alternatives if the flight cannot be completed as planned, There are no requirements within the Federal Aviation Regulations to select and plan for an alternate, This does not preclude you from being prepared, In addition to the 1-2-3 rule, if your destination does not have an instrument approach procedure published, an alternate must be chosen in case the field were to fall into instrument meteorologic conditions. Further, optional capabilities such as Radius-to-fix (RF) turns or scalability should be described in the AFM or avionics documents. allow for you to preview checkpoints, Can be positively identified and plotted as a point on a chart (i.e., mountains, large bodies of water, etc. CFI Notebook | PDF | Risk Management | Flight Instructor - Scribd Routine checks of position against VOR or DME information, for example, could help detect a compromised GPS signal. RNP AR DP has lateral accuracy values that can scale to no lower than RNP 0.3 in the initial departure flight path. Pilots are encouraged to turn on their landing lights when operating within 10 miles of an airport (day or night) At the conclusion of night operations, reset all the switches for day, as such, check after the aircraft has flown at night to make sure the previous pilot did not forget. navigation and flight planning preflight planning Preflight Planning Introduction: FAR 91.103 that "Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight" which includes Aircraft Procedures Aircraft Performance Airport Information Equipment Familiarity Flight Management System (FMS): An FMS is an integrated suite of sensors, receivers, and computers, coupled with a navigation database These systems generally provide performance and RNAV guidance to displays and automatic flight control systems Inputs can be accepted from multiple sources such as GPS, DME, VOR, LOC and IRU Operators of GPS aircraft should always check for GPS and/or WAAS NOTAMS for their route of flight, GPS is a critical component of essential communication, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) in the NAS; and flight safety/control systems. Continue searching. PDF Erau Flight Plan - CFI Notebook: "Higher" Education Fly CFI Sacramento RNP AR DP capability requires specific aircraft performance, design, operational processes, training, and specific procedure design criteria to achieve the required target level of safety. Aircraft should have additional navigation equipment for their intended route, GPS signals are vulnerable to intentional and unintentional interference from a wide variety of sources, including radars, microwave links, ionosphere effects, solar activity, multi-path error, satellite communications, GPS repeaters, and even some systems onboard the aircraft. The aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, special-use airspace, obstructions, and related data Scale 1 inch = 6.86nm/1:500,000 Revised every 56 days, except most Alaskan charts are revised annually Charts can be purchased through Amazon Amazon, Sectional Aeronautical Chart The database is updated every 28 days. ), Advanced RNP is a NavSpec with a minimum set of mandatory functions enabled in the aircraft's avionics suite. If you are traveling at 100 knots ground speed for 6 minutes, how far will you travel? Trust our experience to help you soar. Multiply 0.1 by 60 (minutes in an hour) and you'll get 6, for 6 minutes to travel that distance at that ground speed. (See 1-1-13). | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP), Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Charts, Instrument Departure Procedure (DP) Charts, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Planning Chart, The Digital Aeronautical Information CD (DAICD). Pilots are required to use SBAS to fly to the LPV or LP minima. on a sectional chart, Next find the lines of longitude on a map, Grab your plotter and place the reference hole over the intersection of the line of longitude, Rotate the plotter so that it is parallel to the line you drew, Where the line of longitude intersects the compass rose on the plotter, determine your true course, If there is more than one number, chose the number most appropriate for your direction of flight, First, determine your wind correction angle, True Heading = True Course (-left/+right) WCA, Magnetic north is the direction along the earth's surface which points toward the magnetic north pole, Magnetic compasses point to this location and therefore it is magnetic headings that are flown, The magnetic north pole is a shifting point which is not coincident with the "top" of the earth as defined by latitude and longitude. GPS is also a necessary component of the Aircraft Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) - an aircraft safety system that alerts pilots of upcoming terrain. Considerations for selection of either are: Are they small enough to be considered a "point? In general, these types of unintentional interference are localized and intermittent. Still looking for something? For example, while operating on a Q-Route (RNAV 2), the aircraft is considered to be established on-course when it is within 2 nm of the course centerline, Pilots must be aware of how their navigation system operates, along with any AFM limitations, and confirm that the aircraft's lateral deviation display (or map display if being used as an allowed alternate means) is suitable for the accuracy of the segment being flown. IFR En-Route Charts - CFI Notebook Other methods providing an equivalent level of performance may also be acceptable, For RNAV 1 DPs and STARs, pilots of aircraft without GPS, using DME/DME/IRU, must ensure the aircraft navigation system position is confirmed, within 1,000 feet, at the start point of take-off roll. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Still looking for something? Task II.G: Navigation and Flight Planning | Mark Berry - CFI Notebook Information on available Canadian charts and publications may be obtained from designated FAA chart agents or by contacting the: Information on available Mexican charts and publications may be obtained by contacting: A free ICAO Publications and Audio-Visual Training Aids Catalogue is available from: The FAA publishes a list of charts and publications with the, Additional information regarding content on aeronautical charts can be found in the. ), The RNP 0.3 NavSpec requires a lateral accuracy value of 0.3 for all authorized phases of flight. The system must be able to retrieve the procedure by name from the aircraft navigation database, not just as a manually entered series of waypoints, Whenever possible, RNAV routes (Q- or T-route) should be extracted from the database in their entirety, rather than loading RNAV route waypoints from the database into the flight plan individually. Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, FAR 91.103 that "Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight" which includes, If you don't own an airplane, you probably rent your favorite aircraft at the same FBO each time you fly however, for many, that may not be a possibility, Variations in airplanes which you are licensed and probably signed off to rent by your local FBO must be considered, While normal procedures can generally be done at the pilot's pace, emergency procedures cannot, making their understanding crucial, Aircraft perform differently based on the environmentals and type of operation expected, Be cognizant of "what is different today" and brief to it up front, so factors like density altitude and weight and balance are taken into consideration, Review and print, or tab a copy of the arrival and departure airport, as required, Be wary of "expectation bias;" listen to what a controller actually says, not what you expect, Enroute sector boundaries can be found on enroute charts allowing you to anticipate where about a switch will occur, and to what frequency, Don't ignore what you are flying over as water conditions/temperatures and terrain may impact what you bring and how you may react to an emergency, Pilots must be familiar with what equipment is installed in the airplane, Just as important, pilots must be familiar with where that equipment is installed, The most obvious example is the instrument panel, where equipment like transponders maybe in a new location, even across the same brand of airplane but a different model, Less obvious examples are safety equipment. Diversions - CFI Notebook When installed in accordance with appropriate airworthiness installation requirements and operated in accordance with applicable operational guidance (e.g., aircraft flight manual and Advisory Circular material), the following systems qualify as a suitable RNAV system: An RNAV system with TSO-C129/-C145/-C146 equipment, installed in accordance with AC 20-138, Airworthiness Approval of Global Positioning System (GPS) Navigation Equipment for Use as a VFR and IFR Supplemental Navigation System, and authorized for instrument flight rules (IFR) en route and terminal operations (including those systems previously qualified for "GPS in lieu of ADF or DME" operations), or. There are other objects or structures that could adversely affect your flight, such as construction cranes near an airport, newly constructed buildings, new towers, etc. Operators of aircraft not having specific RNP eligibility statements in the AFM or avionics documents may be issued operational approval including special conditions and limitations for specific RNP eligibilities, Some airborne systems use Estimated Position Uncertainty (EPU) as a measure of the current estimated navigational performance. EPU may also be referred to as Actual Navigation Performance (ANP) or Estimated Position Error (EPE), If unable to comply with the requirements of an RNAV or RNP procedure, pilots must advise air traffic control as soon as possible. Pilots must not change any database waypoint type from a fly-by to fly-over, or vice versa. It is not intended for every operator or aircraft. Night Operations - CFI Notebook For example, an ILS with an RNAV missed approach would require a specific capability to fly the missed approach portion of the procedure. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Cockpit Management - CFI Notebook For example, RNP 1 is different from RNAV 1, and an RNP 1 eligibility does NOT mean automatic RNP 2 or RNAV 1 eligibility. cfi. When flying GPS approaches, particularly in IMC, pilots should have a backup plan in the event of GPS anomalies. For times under 3 minutes, the small arrow may need to be utilized, Navigation logs, or NAVLOGs, is the printed, either physically or digitally, plan, This plan accounts for the environment's effects on the aircraft, as well as aircraft anomolies like deviation, NAVLOGs come in many forms and there is no perfect form; its about personal preference. Magnetic heading will usually require a correction based on the variation or: The angular difference between true north and magnetic north from any given position on the earth's surface (represented by isogonic lines), Isogonic lines are points of equal variation, represented in degrees east or west, Deviations is usually pulled off a sectional chart however, other sources such as, The memory aide "east is least (minus), west is best (plus)" is often used to remember how to apply east and west variations, Magnetic Course (MC) = True Course (TC) - East Variation, Magnetic Course (MC) = True Course (TC) + West Variation, All aircraft will have a deviation factor that must be applied, Deviation is read off the compass card in the aircraft, and must be added or subtracted to the magnetic course as appropriate, Determining winds at altitude help guide your true heading, Since winds aloft are expressed in "true," you will calculate the wind correction angle off true course, Deviation is found on a placard with your magnetic compass, Variation is necessary for converting true headings to magnetic, Magnetic variation depends on your location on the earth, as labeled by isogonic lines, Compass heading is determined by applying the deviation correction to the magnetic heading, From Sea Level to 5,500' we calculate 9 minutes, 2.0 Gal, 13 NM, Assuming 1,000' for the departure altitude we calculate: 1 minute, 0.4 Gal, 2 NM, Subtract the difference: (9-1)=8 Min, (2.0-0.4)=1.6 Gal, (13-2)=11 NM, Pay attention to the notes at the bottom of the chart, especially to add 1.1 Gal for taxi and takeoff, Utilizing a simple formula (Distance = Time x Ground Speed may be utilized, Therefore, if you have any two, you can calculate the other. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, https://www.fly.faa.gov/adv/advAdvisoryForm.jsp. Table of Contents Areas of Operation: Single-Engine Land I. The file resolution is 300 dots per inch and the data is 8-bit color. Flight Planning - CFI Notebook Use of RNP 0.3 by slow-flying fixed-wing aircraft is under consideration, but the RNP 0.3 NavSpec initially will apply only to rotorcraft operations. Erau Flight Plan - CFI Notebook: "Higher" Education As wind gets factored in, even if a round trip with consistent winds, the time to fly becomes longer - headwinds/tailwinds will not cancel out (see: Suppose D = distance, TT = total time, AS = air speed, WS = wind speed, Then the equation for a direct headwind and tail wind is TT = D/(AS - WS) + D/(AS + WS) = 150/(100 - 50) + 150/(100 + 50) = 150/50 + 150/150 = 450/150 + 150/150 = 600/150 = 4, With WS = 0 the equation becomes TT = 150/100 + 150/100 = 300/100 = 3, You will travel 10% of speed in 6 minutes. Automatic scaling and alerting changes are appropriate for some operations. CFI Notebook: "Higher" Education This is especially true when operating below 500' AGL and morseo below 200' AGL, Also, many of these structures do not meet charting requirements or may not yet be charted because of the charting cycle, Some structures do not require obstruction marking and/or lighting and some may not be marked and lighted even though the FAA recommended it, Notice to Air Missions (NOTAMs) will typically be published for any known unlit structures, but pilot vigilance is imperative in case the FAA has not yet been notified of outages, The glide distance of the airplane is based on the glide ratio, a performance number to provide an idea of the options available in an engine out, More than airports, suitable roads and fields options for emergency landings increases with increased altitude, Additionally, regulatory requirements, such as those found in FAR 91.205, specify supplemental survival equipment depending on glide-distance from shore if the flight is conducted for hire, Even further, FAR 91.509 further specifies supplemental survival equipment based on distance from shore, Winds are an important planning consideration both during terminal (surface winds) and cruise (winds aloft) environment, Surface winds are most commonly used for determining an optimal runway in the terminal area, Similarly, surface winds provide insight into optimal landing surfaces in an emergency along a route of flight, Wind direction and intensity at various cruise altitudes are an important consideration to determine cruise performance, Winds aloft are the most direct means to plan for winds at cruise altitudes along the route of flight, Headwinds increase flight time and therefore fuel burn, reducing range, while tailwinds do just the opposite, Further, headwinds require for power (increased fuel burn) and tailwinds decrease power requirements (decreased fuel burn), Except while holding in a holding pattern of 2 minutes or less (see. Certified Flight Instructor Notebook Private Pilot Navigation Lesson Plans - CFI Notebook The Certified Flight Instructor's (CFI) notebook is the critical reference material gathered throughout flight training. Further, any aircraft eligible for RNP 4 operations is automatically qualified for RNP 10/ RNAV 10 operations. No other modification of database waypoints or the creation of user-defined waypoints on published RNAV or RNP procedures is permitted, except to: Change altitude and/or airspeed waypoint constraints to comply with an ATC clearance/instruction, Insert a waypoint along the published route to assist in complying with ATC instruction, example, "Descend via the WILMS arrival except cross 30 north of BRUCE at/or below FL 210." Before conducting these procedures, operators should refer to the latest AC 90-101, Approval Guidance for RNP Procedures with AR. A-RNP allows for scalable RNP lateral navigation values (either 1.0 or 0.3) in the terminal environment. The 13 Colonies (an odd number) were on the east coast of the U.S. NEODD SWEVEN: North East Odd, South West Even, Once a route has been chosen, you need to calculate headings/courses to be flown. (Reference AIM 1-1-3f). Still looking for something? RNP AR DP is intended to provide specific benefits at specific locations. An RNAV system with DME/DME/IRU inputs that is compliant with the equipment provisions of AC 90-100A, U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations, for RNAV routes. For procedures with PBN elements, the "PBN box" will contain the procedure's NavSpec(s); and, if required: specific sensors or infrastructure needed for the navigation solution, any additional or advanced functional requirements, the minimum RNP value, and any amplifying remarks. (See paragraph 5-4-18. ), The FAA and ICAO member states have led initiatives in implementing the RNP concept to oceanic operations, For example, RNP-10 routes have been established in the northern Pacific (NOPAC) which has increased capacity and efficiency by reducing the distance between tracks to 50 NM (See paragraph 4-7-1), Aircraft eligible for RNP operations will have an appropriate entry including special conditions and limitations in its AFM, avionics manual, or a supplement. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Flight Plans: FAA Form 7233-1, Flight Plan Flight plans are a result of the deliberate planning process which results in a tool for both the pilot and Air Traffic Control Completed and filed on the FAA Form 7233-1, flight plans provide basic times and locations to track flights and manage traffic | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afx/afs/afs400/afs410/media/AC90-100compliance.pdf, GNSS Intentional Administration Interference and Spoofing report, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-1-17) Global Positioning System, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-1-18) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), Aeronautical Information Manual (1-2-1) General, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-2-3) Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV) Systems on Conventional Procedures and Routes, As air travel has evolved, methods of navigation have improved to give operators more flexibility, PBN exists under the umbrella of area navigation (RNAV) [, The term RNAV in this context, as in procedure titles, just means "area navigation," regardless of the equipment capability of the aircraft, Many operators have upgraded their systems to obtain the benefits of PBN.

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