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[227], Two thirds of France was employed in agriculture, which was transformed by the Revolution. This was less obvious in Paris, since the formation of the National Guard made it the best policed city in Europe, but growing disorder in the provinces inevitably affected members of the Assembly. [203] One major consequence was the dechristianisation of France, a movement strongly rejected by many devout people; especially for women living in rural areas, the closing of the churches meant a loss of normality. [84] The second was non-juring priests, whose opposition to the Civil Constitution led to a state of near civil war in southern France, which Bernave tried to defuse by relaxing the more punitive provisions. On 16 July 1789, two days after the Storming of the Bastille, John Frederick Sackville, serving as ambassador to France, reported to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds, "Thus, my Lord, the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with, comparatively speaking if the magnitude of the event is considered the loss of very few lives. [256] This made it increasingly difficult to justify the withholding of electoral rights, with the British Home Secretary William Grenville remarking it was difficult to deny "to so large a body of British Subjects, the benefits of the British Constitution". The third stream is those liberal writers, such as Germaine de Stal and Guizot, who accepted the necessity of reforms establishing a constitution and the rights of man, but rejected state interference with private property and individual rights even if supported by a democratic majority. [226] However, debate continues into the present over the role of religion in the public sphere and related issues such as church-controlled schools. This made generals like Bonaparte and Joubert essential political players, while both the army and the Directory became notorious for their corruption. Growing disorder meant many professional officers either left or became migrs, further destabilising the institution. [119], Robespierre responded by not attending sessions, allowing his opponents to build a coalition against him. "[112] [b], At the height of the Terror, the slightest hint of counter-revolutionary thought could place one under suspicion, and even its supporters were not immune. [251][252], The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalising reforms in line with those of the French Revolution, with no direct contact. Louis XVI's reign will forever be associated with the outbreak of the French Revolution and the end of Versailles' royal era. The French Revolution (French: Rvolution franaise [evlysj fsz]) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Departure of the King, 1789 | Palace of Versailles Initially the debt was financed by sales of confiscated property, but this was hugely inefficient; since few would buy assets that might be repossessed, fiscal stability could only be achieved by continuing the war until French counter-revolutionaries had been defeated. Most lasted only a matter of weeks but they became the main communication medium, combined with the very large pamphlet literature. By the mid-nineteenth century, more scholarly histories appeared, written by specialists and based on original documents and a more critical assessment of contemporary accounts. The invasion of Egypt in July 1798 confirmed European fears of French expansionism, and the War of the Second Coalition began in November. [195], On 20 June 1792 a number of armed women took part in a procession that "passed through the halls of the Legislative Assembly, into the Tuileries Garden, and then through the King's residence. Taken to the Htel de Ville, he was executed, his head placed on a pike and paraded around the city; the fortress was then torn down in a remarkably short time. On the morning of 10 August, a combined force of the Paris National Guard and provincial fdrs attacked the Tuileries Palace, killing many of the Swiss Guards protecting it. 1792-1795 National Convention 1795-1799 Directory (Directors) 1795-1799 Paul Franois Jean Nicolas de Barras 1795-1799 Jean-Franois Reubell [28], The Second Estate elected 291 deputies, representing about 400,000 men and women, who owned about 25% of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their tenants. With the breakup of large estates controlled by the Church and the nobility and worked by hired hands, rural France became more a land of small independent farms. The Haitian Revolution has often been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere. These characteristics of Jacobin ideology, which contrast with the revolutionary discourse on freedom and equality, have been highlighted by critical historians in the tradition of Tocqueville, notably by Hoel, in Jacobin Ideology. She focused on other aspects of the government, but was a feminist by virtue of the fact that she was a woman working to influence the world. However, France's biggest challenge was servicing the huge public debt inherited from the former regime, which continued to expand due to the war. This came to a head in late September, when the Flanders Regiment arrived in Versailles to reinforce the Royal bodyguard, and were welcomed with a formal banquet as was common practice. French Revolution Flashcards | Quizlet [12] Attempts to make the system more transparent were blocked by the regional Parlements which controlled financial policy. [127] This was accompanied by military success; in January 1795, French forces helped the Dutch Patriots set up the Batavian Republic, securing their northern border. One of the first of these "pamphlets" into print was A Vindication of the Rights of Men by Mary Wollstonecraft (better known for her later treatise, sometimes described as the first feminist text, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman); Wollstonecraft's title was echoed by Thomas Paine's Rights of Man, published a few months later. [70], On 14 July 1790, celebrations were held throughout France commemorating the fall of the Bastille, with participants swearing an oath of fidelity to 'the nation, the law and the king.' During this time around 50,000 French citizens were executed. [162] In October 1797, a series of defeats by Bonaparte in Italy led Austria to agree to the Treaty of Campo Formio, in which they formally ceded the Netherlands and recognised the Cisalpine Republic. Responsibility is disputed, but even moderates expressed sympathy for the action, which soon spread to the provinces; the killings reflected widespread concern over social disorder [95], On 20 September, the French army won a stunning victory over the Prussians at Valmy. "[220][titlemissing], One of the most heated controversies during the Revolution was the status of the Catholic Church. The French Revolution was a watershed event in world history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nearly everyone was Catholic, but the Church was repressed. A chronology of key events in modern French history: 1789 - French Revolution ends rule of monarchy going back to 9th Century; followed by establishment of the First Republic. [200], Madame Roland (also known as Manon or Marie Roland) was another important female activist. [199], Olympe de Gouges wrote a number of plays, short stories, and novels. It wasn't initiated by a rising capitalist bourgeoisie and ended in a victory for conservative property owners, a result which retarded economic development. Prior to 1789, there have been a small number of heavily censored newspapers that needed a royal licence to operate, but the Estates-General created an enormous demand for news, and over 130 newspapers appeared by the end of the year. [214] Some modern historians argue the concept of the nation state was a direct consequence of the revolution. [104], Key areas of focus for the new government included creating a new state ideology, economic regulation and winning the war. On 25 September 1792, Lasource, of Brissot's party, told the convention: "I fear the despotism of Paris, and I do not want those who dispose there of the opinion of the men they mislead to dominate the national convention and the whole France. [6] Antiquated farming methods and transportation networks failed to keep up with these numbers. The Girondists attempted to form a constitutional monarchy as was done in England, but ultimately lost out to the Jacobins , who abolished the Monarchy and established the First Republic. Both failed to attract international support. When he refused to give names, the session broke up in confusion. [122], There are various interpretations of the Terror and the violence with which it was conducted; Marxist historian Albert Soboul saw it as essential to defend the Revolution from external and internal threats. Nominated to the Directory, his first action was removing Barras, using a coalition that included Talleyrand and former Jacobin Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother and president of the Council of 500. [211], The French Revolution had a major impact on western history, by ending feudalism in France and creating a path for advances in individual freedoms throughout Europe. "[201] Many activists were punished for their actions, while some were executed for "conspiring against the unity and the indivisibility of the Republic". Its governor, Bernard-Ren de Launay, surrendered after several hours of fighting that cost the lives of 83 attackers. [53], When the National Guard arrived later that evening, Lafayette persuaded Louis that the safety of his family required their relocation to Paris. The Charleston move is part of a broader British strategy to hang on to the southern colonies, at least, now that the war is stalemated in Pennsylvania and New York. [77] On 27 August, Emperor Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz declaring their support for Louis, and hinting at an invasion of France on his behalf. The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, a militant group on the far left, demanded a law in 1793 that would compel all women to wear the tricolour cockade to demonstrate their loyalty to the Republic. [50], Food shortages and the worsening economy caused frustration at the lack of progress, and the Parisian working-class, or sans culottes, became increasingly restive. Representatives were sent to Paris to gain the approval of the Convention for the decision. "[229], In the cities, entrepreneurship on a small scale flourished, as restrictive monopolies, privileges, barriers, rules, taxes and guilds gave way. [85] As expected and indeed intended by their authors, both were vetoed by Louis who was now portrayed as opposed to reform in general. January 21, 1793 Louis XVI, judged by the convention, is executed for treason. Brown and Timothy Tackett, eds. [159] However, the expiration of the 12-month term for the 1792 recruits forced the French to relinquish their conquests. [172], In early 1793, royalist planters from Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue formed an alliance with Britain.

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