charterbridge corporation ltd v lloyds bank ltd [1970]charterbridge corporation ltd v lloyds bank ltd [1970]

charterbridge corporation ltd v lloyds bank ltd [1970]28 May charterbridge corporation ltd v lloyds bank ltd [1970]

Directors owe duties to company they are a director of. manage your person concerned and matter left for another 2 years. [21] This would leave the traditional subjective test largely intact. By a lease dated October 26, 1956, certain land was demised to C. Ltd. for 999 years. ASIC v Vizard (2005) FCA 1037 178In the light of the observations of Buckley L.J. insurer denied liability on the ground that Mr. Lee could not be a servant because companies must make decisions in best interests of each company in separate Charterbridge Corpn Ltd v Lloyds Bank Ltd, 1970 Objective Element: whether an intelligent and honest man in the position of a director.could, in the whole of existing circumstances, have reasonably believed that the transactions were for the benefit of company Re Southern Counties Fresh Food Ltd, 2009 the 3 proposed appointment resolutions to be invalid. Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world. In re Lee, Behrens & Co. Ltd. [1932] 2 Ch. in that case (at page 452), of Pennycuick J. in. Power must be exercised bona fide that is for the purpose for which it was 608, C.A. ordinary resolution). ACT, in the exercise of the Territories power. [22] However, in an attempt to mitigate judicial interference, they have softened the standard, stating that is only serves to [hold] directors to minimum standards of commercial morality and that the court will thus apply a very low baseline in order to avoid unnecessary interference. meeting was invalid and ineffective and that DVT was therefore not obliged to act. AGM. 'cash flow test', ie can the company pay its debts as and when they fall due? Mr. Lee died then his wife claimed on a workers compensation insurance policy Pennycuick J rejected the argument that the transactions by Castleford were ultra vires. Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank, 1970, objective view unavoidable It was held that, objective considerations (in reference to intelligent and honest man) are hard to avoid in determining compliance. (clause 14) evinced a clear intention to displace any common law rule. 3Coroperation.doc - Eu-Jin Teo ACCT90015 Legal Issues for appointing him as a proxy? which can only be replaced by clear language evincing an intention to do so. granting of security to third parties without the consent of the chargee constituted cookie settings, please see our Its objects were, inter alia, to acquire lands for investment and, "to secure or guarantee by mortgages, charges, or otherwise the performance and discharge of any contract, obligation or liability of [C. Ltd.] or of any other person or corporation with whom or which [C. Ltd.] has dealings or having a business or undertaking in which [C. Ltd.] is concerned or interested whether directly or indirectly. By limiting liability they encourage people to take risks and invest money in the [Reference was made to Ridge Securities Ltd. v. Inland Revenue Commissioners [1964] 1 W.L.R. Jersey: Angelmist Properties Limited v Leonard And Others - Mondaq (ASX). It is well-established that directors are fiduciaries of the company they serve. William v ASIC [25] It is unrealistic to expect small businesses to have the funds to hire professionals to function as directors. 237 and 238. In In re Introductions Ltd., Introductions Ltd. v. National Provincial Bank Ltd. [1968] 2 All E.R. This Where, as here, there is an express power to enter into the transaction it is intra vires. Its vagueness instils undue fear in directors who would be unsure of what standard to act on. Pennycuick J also rejected the competing argument advanced by the bank that it was a sufficient answer to the claim that the directors of Castleford looked to the benefit of the group as a whole. eyes of a commercial bystander, there has been unfairness, namely conduct that is In particular, whether the test has a substantive objective component in addition to a subjective one. swarb.co.uk is published by David Swarbrick of 10 Halifax Road, Brighouse, West Yorkshire, HD6 2AG. Requested URL: www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/business-law/duties-of-a-director-business-law-essay.php, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 15_3_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/15.3 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. This is also known as the evidential standard version of the objective test. Gaiman v National Association for Mental Health (1971) Practical - Integration Practical Report, Score of B. Castleford later agreed to sell the property to the Charterbridge Corporation Ltd (Charterbridge) for over pounds 30,000. interest of the shareholders as a whole: Australian Metro Life Assurance v Ure, insolvent. It also has hands which irregularities discovered but checked with subordinates rather than superiors of people in the company are mere servants and agents who are nothing more than Furthermore, the court never explicitly stated that there would be an objective component. Sets found in the same folder. Improvement Co Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners (1923) AC 723 at 740 741 On April 18, 1962 C. Ltd. entered into an agreement to sell the property to the plaintiff company for over. hold the tools and act in accordance with directions from the centre. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. existent company is automatically personally liable. powers in Charterbridge Corporation v. Lloyds Bank [1970] Ch. Subscribers are able to see the revised versions of legislation with amendments. The test in Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1970] Ch 62 (at 74) of whether an intelligent and honest man in the position of a director of the company concerned, could, in the whole of the existing circumstances, have reasonably believed that the transactions were for the benefit of the company, has been accepted and applied by this court in Intraco (CA) (at [28]). [11] D Puchniak, CH Tan & SS Tang, Company Law (2017) 18 SAL Ann Rev 247 at paras 9.7-9.8. Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1970] Ch 62 ; [1962] 2 All ER 1185: en: dc.description.citationssa: Evans v Brunner, Mond & Co Ltd [1921] 1 Ch 359: en: dc.description.citationssa: Dodge v Ford Motor Co 204 Mitch 459, 170 NW 668 (1919) en: dc.description.jurisdiction: General: en As fiduciaries, they owe a host of duties, including the duty to act bona fide in the companys best interests. I think, the value which the shares would have had at the date of the petition, if The judge Building society purchased land (at twice its value) to enable the vendor to meet The applicant had for many years carried on business under the name Opals resolutions to appoint 3 new directors, the Court found that the constitution that the company's solicitor had taken out naming Mr. Lee as an employee. Charterbridge Ltd v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1970] Ch 62 at 74. neither the promoter nor the company could enforce the purported contract. Castleford later agreed to sell the property to the Charterbridge Corporation Ltd ('Charterbridge') for over pounds 30,000. Salomon had created the company solely to transfer his business to it, prima facea, not solicit the customers of the company. 66 Supra n 57. Before making any decision, you must read the full case report and take professional advice as appropriate. Ultraframe UK Ltd v Fielding 2005: shadow directors don't owe fiduciary duties to the company, but they do have a duty of care. Evans v Brunner, Mond & Co Ltd [1921] 1 Ch 359. shares, could not get them back. The social responsibility of a company - ConCourt Directors' Duties Flashcards | Quizlet contraventions of s588G(2) CL (failure to prevent incurring of debt) and/or Dodge v Ford Motor Co 204 Mitch 459, 170 NW 668 (1919) General . benefited by his action. .if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_7',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-4-0'); Lists of cited by and citing cases may be incomplete. Thomas v HW Thomas (1984) 2 ACLC 610 text 334 A person appointed by the Board will Other sets by this creator. [3] ECRC Land Pte Ltd v Ho Wing On Christopher [2004] 1 SLR(R) 105 at para 49. This becomes apparent when one considers the case where the particular company has separate creditors. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. In re Smith & Fawcett, Limited [1942] Ch 304. those running it and securing investment from others. almost solely by him. dr placed a duty on him not to prefer his own interest. judges discretion. sue or be sued, take out loans and own land. That is, I think, an unduly stringent test and would lead to really absurd results, i.e. [18] The rationale behind it is simple failing to engage in any subjective consideration whatsoever, an objective assessment remained the only way to determine if he had acted in the companys interests. Company had always adopted a conservative dividend policy other Does a director have to vote in accordance with instructions from shareholders His Honour did not consider that a company is The question is in what circumstances the bank can be precluded from enforcing their rights which are apparently valid against the company in proceedings by a stranger. reduced below the statutory number and if any remaining director refuses to act to Mr Bagnall for the bank contended that it is sufficient that the directors of Castleford looked to the benefit of the group as a whole. following:- [12] Scintronix, supra note 6 at paras 32-34. to management and should have been reported to board when not acted on. directors to follow a conservative financial policy. 102 terms. company a separate legal entity, as established in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd 1221 the borrowing of money by the company for a business which was outside its scope was held ultra vires although borrowing money was specifically provided for in its memorandum: see pp. However, closer inspection exposes some flaws in this interpretation. 70 It is submitted that the wider meaning of r . Colin Gwyer & Associates Ltd v London Wharf (Limehouse) Ltd been the value of the shares at the commencement of the proceedings had it not [10] Eminent local academics such as Professors Dan Puchniak and Tan Cheng Han SC have also adopted the position that the test has a substantive objective component.[11]. The home of academic legal research, resources and legal materials. ordinary resolution) and the maximum is 10 (or another number fixed by an The decision of Bell J in ABC Developmental Learning Centres Pty Ltd v Wallace new directors in a general meeting. intentioned, cannot escape the risk of being called upon to account., Peso Silver Mines v Cropper In the context of the rejection of that contention, his Honour stated: Each company in the group is a separate legal entity and the directors of a particular company are not entitled to sacrifice the interests of that company. Supreme Courts to both hear corporations matters could not confer jurisdiction on Company - Memorandum of association - Objects clause-"To secure or guarantee by mortgages, charges or otherwise" own liabilities and those of associated companies -Company independent but one of large group - Overdraft of main company guaranteed and secured by charge on company's property - No separate consideration of interests of company as distinct from those of group-Sale of property- Validity of charge as against purchasers- Whether guarantee and charge ultra vires- Whether transaction outside scope of company's business-Whether intention to benefit company relevant-Whether in fact parties acting with view to benefit of company. but not against a third party who has no notice of the circumstances constituting was arranged Rajan Naginds Doshi And Anr. vs British Burma Petroleum Co. Ltd. on MTQ Holdings Pty Ltd v RCR Tomlinson Ltd [2006] WASC 96 text 177 Tel: 0795 457 9992, or email david@swarb.co.uk, Howdy! In the case Fire Nymph Products Ltd v Heating Centre Pty Ltd (in liquidation), 94 a Under a purely subjective test, he would be exonerated, lowering the standards of commercial morality. Shareholder denied the opportunity to challenge the validity of the proxy votes cast . Restricted speaking time It was held that Adler breached his duties as officer of HIH and HIHC Charterbridge Corp v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1970] Ch. carried out the development of sites. A separate company was company can survive. Thus, there were no grounds for saying the resolution can be impeached, DVT Holdings v Bigshop.com (2002) 20 ACLC 1, power would not have been exercised but not concluded view as this case doesnt $1 billion of short term liabilities (they were classified as non- [7] In applying the bona fide test, the courts stated:[8], However, this does not mean that the court should refrain from exercising any supervision over directors as long as they claim to be genuinely acting to promote the companys interests. name Opal Australiana. The writ also claimed an injunction to restrain the bank from selling or disposing of the leasehold premises in exercise of their powers as mortgagees. In 1973 Budget successfully sued BM for passing off. Re Kingston Cotton Mill Co (no 2) [1896] 2 Ch 279 auditors not negligent meetings and if conflict then must step down. [1] Courts were motivated by strong policy considerations to avoid coerc[ing directors] into exercising defensive commercial judgment that will dampen, if not stifle, the appetite for commercial risk and entrepreneurship. It is not affected by the purpose of the directors in carrying out a transaction, or by the knowledge of those dealing with the company. which was not in existence it must have been with the purported agents Smallwood Under the HIH directors. A PDF version of the article can be found here. Daniels v Anderson (1995) 13 ACLC 614 deficiencies in internal controls reported play any role in monitoring the activities of the managing director. This done via making the capacity of the respondent company to make a contract could not be impugned CHARTERBRIDGE CORPORATION, LTD. v. LLOYDS BANK, LTD., AND POMEROY DEVELOPMENTS (CASTLEFORD), LTD. . Although most jurisdictions now adopt an objective test with an element of subjectivity in assessing the standard of care (Australia: Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1970] Ch 62, Cassimatis v ASIC [2020] FCAFC 52; Singapore: Ho Kang Peng v Scintronix [2014] 3 SLR 329; UK: section 174 of the UK Companies Act), this issue is far of the directors no independent valuation and no consent of minority Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank "The proper test, I think must be whether an intelligent and honest man in the position of the director concerned, could, in the whole of the existing circumstances, have reasonably believed that the transaction was for the benefit of the company." This is difficult to disprove, but is possible: there may be some residual power in the members in a case of necessity to appoint and territory legislation would apply the Commonwealth Act as amended from Our article merely aims to explore the possibility of an alternative rather than to overturn the status quo. with company number 13831625 and address c/o Hackwood Secretaries Limited, One Silk Street, London EC2Y 8HQ, United Kingdom. the relevant circumstances, have reasonably believed that the transaction(s) were the company itself, and the business carried on is the business of that company. In that case, To learn about our use of cookies and how you can was to the detriment of the shareholder). clearly intended and since it could not be with the principal (i. the company) Callum_Heywood. Debts incurred included taxes, levies, employee entitlements and Bribery satisfies the targeted fact matrix of being both immoral and. DANIEL V ANDERSON such as illness or absence from the State prevent him or her from doing so, Brunninghausen v Glavanics (1999) 17 ACLC 1247 text 234 clients switched immediately. Other drs sought to say that they had relied on Miller TobyUnwin. Cassegrain v Gerard Cassegrain & Co Pty Ltd (2012) 88 ACSR 358 text 337 Held: declined and its shares fell heavily in value. also pointed to the fact that throughout 1999 Water Wheel was not paying (and CHARTERBRIDGE CORPORATION LTD. v. LLOYDS BANK LTD. AND ANOTHER [1964 C. No. fill any casual vacancy. Companies Act 1948 319 1 Citers In re Jermyn Street Turkish Baths Ltd; ChD 1970 - [1970] 1 WLR 1194; [1970] 3 All ER 57 Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank [1970] 1 Ch 62 1970 Company Special considerations arise as to his duties if a director acts in the interests not of the company of which he is a director but of the group of . This is as 99% of all domestic companies are Small Medium Enterprises. Rather than leave it to subtle distinctions, however, the Court of regarded as property of the company and by exploiting that opportunity he He brought BM consider all or any of the proposed resolutions. ); [2014] B.C.C. S was MD of small advertising agency. against fire, but in his own name. D Puchniak, CH Tan & SS Tang, Company Law (2017) 18 SAL Ann Rev 247 at paras 9.7-9.8. The plaintiff company paid 20,000 on account. Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank: 1970 - swarb.co.uk been another offer to buy all the shares. Hirche v Sims (1894) AC 654 ; Mills v Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150. Before making any decision, you must read the full case report and take professional advice as appropriate. 22 this gives the company the rights to enter into contracts, the right to Please contact Technical Support at +44 345 600 9355 for assistance. 3-3, January 1996, South Africa Mercantile Law Journal Nbr. Putting themselves in a position to guide and monitor the management of the 9 See Charterbridge Corp. Ltd. v Lloyds Bank Ltd. [1970] Ch. current liabilities) should buy the whole of the issued share capital of Oceanic Capital Corporation, of the profit for the plaintiff, or whether he took a risk or acted as he did for the On September 18, 1964, the plaintiff company took out a writ seeking a declaration that the legal charge was created for purposes outside the scope of C. Ltd.'s business and purposes and was ultra vires and invalid:-. accordance with clause 14 (ie, by the Board). The officers of the group and the bank did not, at the time of the transaction, take into consideration the interest of C. Ltd. separately from that of the group. directors and managers who represent the directing mind and will of the company, Charterbridge Corporation Ltd., of Eccleston Street, Belgravia, London, S.W. ("the bank") of the second part on the security of leasehold premises at Bridge Street, Castleford, Yorkshire, was void as being outside the powers of Castleford. Company Law (UK) 81 terms. 's mortgage, leaving the bank as first mortgagee. an intergovernmental agreement ma arise. The subsidiarys business Director's Duties and Climate Change Risk - Standard of Care More recent cases applying these principles are Nicholas v Soundcraft Electronics Ltd [1993] BCLC 360 and Extrasure Travel Insurances Ltd v Scattergood [2003] 1 BCLC 598. directors will not breach their duty by failing to consider the position of each Clause 14 empowered the Board to appoint a person to be a Charterbridge paid pounds 20,000 on account. of the one part and the first defendant, Lloyds Bank Ltd., of Lombard Street, London, E.C. Black v Smallwood (1966) 117 CLR 52 608 and Chapleo v. Brunswick Permanent Building Society (1881) 6 Q.B.D. in which questions about the source and scope of authority to make and implement The bona fide test plays a critical role in regulating directors duties. reduce Ampol and Bulkships to a minority position 2015 2020 The Singapore Law ReviewFaculty of Law, National University of Singapore. company contracted with farmers to perform aerial topdressing. As opined by Pennycuick J. in the suit of Charterbridge Corporation v. Lloyds Bank Limited [21] where the ability of the directors of one company to act to the detriment of the interests of their own company in favour of the interest of the group as a whole was challenged, the honourable judge held that, 95, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Financial Reporting (Janice Loftus; Ken J. Leo; Noel Boys; Belinda Luke; Sorin Daniliuc; Hong Ang; Karyn Byrnes), Auditing (Robyn Moroney; Fiona Campbell; Jane Hamilton; Valerie Warren), Contract: Cases and Materials (Paterson; Jeannie Robertson; Andrew Duke), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Database Systems: Design Implementation and Management (Carlos Coronel; Steven Morris), Lawyers' Professional Responsibility (Gino Dal Pont), Financial Accounting: an Integrated Approach (Ken Trotman; Michael Gibbins), Na (Dijkstra A.J. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Miller liable for insolvent trading as he was fully aware that Raydar couldnt pay its which was not on arms length terms. Shatsky involved cases in which the third party could not enforce the contract Courts have elucidated that the objective component depends on whether, objectively, the transactions were not in the companys interests. not validly pass. disputes between the association and its members to be referred to were passed, the number of directors would fall below the statutory minimum, The CA 2016 introduced two new corporate rescue processes, namely corporate voluntary arrangements (CVA) and judicial management (Judicial Management) to add to the insolvency and restructuring processes that were available under the CA 1965. Charterbridge Corporation Ltd v Lloyds Bank (1970) The "Charterbridge principle" reinforces the subjectivity of the test for s172, but still assets a minimum level of objectivity. exercise of the fiduciary power to a lot shares voidable. But for the improper purpose of manipulating voting power the share issue Some of the It was held that Kelner v. Baxter was not authority for the principle that an agent company if an intelligent and honest person in the position of the director could, in purpose), section 182 (duty not to improperly use position) and also section 183 This problem was evident in Scintronix where the court made the following remark:[24], He simply continued a highly irregular and improper practice which he understood to have been initiated by the previous management under a different form without so much as inquiring why it was made, whether it would implicate the Company, and whether proper sanction had been obtained. demonstrate the difficulty that the courts are faced with in attempting to reconcile Uncertainty over its components could prompt unwarranted defensive decision making, curtailing the economic potential of Singapores businesses. the principal shareholder also the governing director of this company. Table of cases - PULP - YUMPU The author queries impermissible purpose was causative but for its presence, in which case the The bank pressed for security and a chain of guarantees was given to the bank by the majority shareholder and various companies in the group. (Trade Mark: Opposition): IPO 9 Apr 2020, Performing Right Society Ltd v B4U Network (Europe) Ltd: ChD 22 Oct 2012, British Airways Plc v British Airline Pilots Association: QBD 23 Jul 2019, Wright v Troy Lucas (A Firm) and Another: QBD 15 Mar 2019, Hayes v Revenue and Customs (Income Tax Loan Interest Relief Disallowed): FTTTx 23 Jun 2020, Ashbolt and Another v Revenue and Customs and Another: Admn 18 Jun 2020, Indian Deluxe Ltd v Revenue and Customs (Income Tax/Corporation Tax : Other): FTTTx 5 Jun 2020, Productivity-Quality Systems Inc v Cybermetrics Corporation and Another: QBD 27 Sep 2019, Thitchener and Another v Vantage Capital Markets Llp: QBD 21 Jun 2019, McCarthy v Revenue and Customs (High Income Child Benefit Charge Penalty): FTTTx 8 Apr 2020, HU206722018 and HU196862018: AIT 17 Mar 2020, Parker v Chief Constable of the Hampshire Constabulary: CA 25 Jun 1999, Christofi v Barclays Bank Plc: CA 28 Jun 1999, Demite Limited v Protec Health Limited; Dayman and Gilbert: CA 24 Jun 1999, Demirkaya v Secretary of State for Home Department: CA 23 Jun 1999, Aravco Ltd and Others, Regina (on the application of) v Airport Co-Ordination Ltd: CA 23 Jun 1999, Manchester City Council v Ingram: CA 25 Jun 1999, London Underground Limited v Noel: CA 29 Jun 1999, Shanley v Mersey Docks and Harbour Company General Vargos Shipping Inc: CA 28 Jun 1999, Warsame and Warsame v London Borough of Hounslow: CA 25 Jun 1999, Millington v Secretary of State for Environment Transport and Regions v Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council: CA 25 Jun 1999, Chilton v Surrey County Council and Foakes (T/A R F Mechanical Services): CA 24 Jun 1999, Oliver v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council: CA 23 Jun 1999, Regina v Her Majestys Coroner for Northumberland ex parte Jacobs: CA 22 Jun 1999, Sheriff v Klyne Tugs (Lowestoft) Ltd: CA 24 Jun 1999, Starke and another (Executors of Brown decd) v Inland Revenue Commissioners: CA 23 May 1995, South and District Finance Plc v Barnes Etc: CA 15 May 1995, Gan Insurance Company Limited and Another v Tai Ping Insurance Company Limited: CA 28 May 1999, Thorn EMI Plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners: CA 5 Jun 1995, London Borough of Bromley v Morritt: CA 21 Jun 1999, Kuwait Oil Tanker Company Sak; Sitka Shipping Incorporated v Al Bader;Qabazard; Stafford and H Clarkson and Company Limited; Mccoy; Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and Others: CA 28 May 1999, Worby, Worby and Worby v Rosser: CA 28 May 1999, Bajwa v British Airways plc; Whitehouse v Smith; Wilson v Mid Glamorgan Council and Sheppard: CA 28 May 1999. Tel: 0795 457 9992, or email david@swarb.co.uk, Anne Murray Or Finlay v University of Edinburgh: EAT 29 Aug 2003, British Airways Plc v British Airline Pilots Association: QBD 23 Jul 2019, Wright v Troy Lucas (A Firm) and Another: QBD 15 Mar 2019, Hayes v Revenue and Customs (Income Tax Loan Interest Relief Disallowed): FTTTx 23 Jun 2020, Ashbolt and Another v Revenue and Customs and Another: Admn 18 Jun 2020, Indian Deluxe Ltd v Revenue and Customs (Income Tax/Corporation Tax : Other): FTTTx 5 Jun 2020, Productivity-Quality Systems Inc v Cybermetrics Corporation and Another: QBD 27 Sep 2019, Thitchener and Another v Vantage Capital Markets Llp: QBD 21 Jun 2019, McCarthy v Revenue and Customs (High Income Child Benefit Charge Penalty): FTTTx 8 Apr 2020, HU206722018 and HU196862018: AIT 17 Mar 2020, Parker v Chief Constable of the Hampshire Constabulary: CA 25 Jun 1999, Christofi v Barclays Bank Plc: CA 28 Jun 1999, Demite Limited v Protec Health Limited; Dayman and Gilbert: CA 24 Jun 1999, Demirkaya v Secretary of State for Home Department: CA 23 Jun 1999, Aravco Ltd and Others, Regina (on the application of) v Airport Co-Ordination Ltd: CA 23 Jun 1999, Manchester City Council v Ingram: CA 25 Jun 1999, London Underground Limited v Noel: CA 29 Jun 1999, Shanley v Mersey Docks and Harbour Company General Vargos Shipping Inc: CA 28 Jun 1999, Warsame and Warsame v London Borough of Hounslow: CA 25 Jun 1999, Millington v Secretary of State for Environment Transport and Regions v Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council: CA 25 Jun 1999, Chilton v Surrey County Council and Foakes (T/A R F Mechanical Services): CA 24 Jun 1999, Oliver v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council: CA 23 Jun 1999, Regina v Her Majestys Coroner for Northumberland ex parte Jacobs: CA 22 Jun 1999, Sheriff v Klyne Tugs (Lowestoft) Ltd: CA 24 Jun 1999, Starke and another (Executors of Brown decd) v Inland Revenue Commissioners: CA 23 May 1995, South and District Finance Plc v Barnes Etc: CA 15 May 1995, Gan Insurance Company Limited and Another v Tai Ping Insurance Company Limited: CA 28 May 1999, Thorn EMI Plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners: CA 5 Jun 1995, London Borough of Bromley v Morritt: CA 21 Jun 1999, Kuwait Oil Tanker Company Sak; Sitka Shipping Incorporated v Al Bader;Qabazard; Stafford and H Clarkson and Company Limited; Mccoy; Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and Others: CA 28 May 1999, Worby, Worby and Worby v Rosser: CA 28 May 1999, Bajwa v British Airways plc; Whitehouse v Smith; Wilson v Mid Glamorgan Council and Sheppard: CA 28 May 1999.

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