theoretical approaches to international organizationstheoretical approaches to international organizations

theoretical approaches to international organizations28 May theoretical approaches to international organizations

How are organizations and their relations conceptualized? The organizational macro-level influences individuals at the micro-level. Keeping up with external expectations is held to ensure an organizations legitimacy, but this does not imply that all expectations are fulfilled by all organizations all the time. These references hint at a slight tendency to transcend the rationalist-constructivist divide among scholars of inter-organizational relations. Rules that guide inter-organizational relations are considered contributions to global order. Correspondingly, institutionalization refers to societally shared and taken-for-granted ideas of what is characterizing organizations (Walgenbach, 2014, pp. The pessimists among regime complexity theorists point to the detrimental effects of inter-organizational competition or rather the strategies by means of which the representatives of states and international governmental organizations deal with it. Lucian Ashworth Although David Mitrany's international thought is not usually associated with the concept of the international anarchy, I argue that his analysis actually compares two forms of anarchical order. The latter is marked by uncertainty, scarce resources, and interdependence among its units. They stress the simultaneity of both cooperation (if only achieved by muddling through) and inefficiency through competition. Furthermore, it clarifies the ontological status of fundamental institutions as inter-subjectively real. 6567). In the 1970s, amid increasing transfers of social exchange theory to the study of organizations, the term resource dependence was coined (Aldrich, 1976; Cook, 1977, p. 63). Neo-liberalists strongly argue that the very act of entering into an. Moreover, it highlights how these beliefs and contributions to global order evolve over time. 397399). You do not currently have access to this article, Access to the full content requires a subscription, Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. 183185). and Ph.D. in Sociology. In terms of ascriptions of causality, the resource dependence approach starts its explanation with structure, that is, the environment. In general, the Atlantic alliance gives its tangible hard security resources such as the capacity to plan and execute large-scale, high-tech, sustainable long-distance operationsand it receives legitimacy as well as access to other intangible soft security resources (Biermann, 2014, pp. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Neoliberalism is opposed to neorealism and it advocates for such institutions as the International Criminal Court and AU. All phenomena usually taken as collective actors are considered structures of corporate practicewhether they are states, national or international as well as governmental or nongovernmental organizations, business enterprises, families, formal and informal groups, relations among two or more of these entities, or something else. In so doing, organizations create varieties of rules as well as a division of labor (Faude, 2015). The five approaches presented here are ready for this endeavor. By decoupling the latter from the former, organizations can deal with institutionalized requirements from the environment on a formal level without affecting their day-to-day working activities. Winning coalitions of member states within the two organizations perceived the respective partners resources essential to realize ones aims (Harsch, 2015, pp. Instead, it helps both to carve out their constitutive thoughts in pure form and to answer the question of whether they really match. In doing so, they depend on resources from the environment. Whereas both institutional and organizational approaches were originally formulated for domestic structures, institutionalists have been more receptive to exploring domestic-international analogies and contrasts. State actors are considered to turn against this order only when the constellation of power and interests has changed or when governance functions are redistributed (Faude, 2015, pp. They epitomize responses to problems of action in which rules for action addressing these problems become manifest. Isomorphism refers to a constraining process of homogenization that brings about structural similarities among organizations in a certain policy field (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983, p. 149; Meyer & Rowan, 1977, p. 346). Studies that focus on non-security networks come to more optimistic assessments. The link was not copied. Beyond the notion of power, further key concepts are resources and dependence as well as interdependence. 9.2: Theories of International Relations - Social Sci LibreTexts ABSTRACT Drawing on mainstream and critical theoretical approaches, International Organizations offers a comprehensive examination of international organizations' political and structural role in world politics. Even if both institutional and organization theories pay attention to process institutionalizing rules and practices as well as organizing collective entities are long-term processes IO studies inspired by these approaches tend to focus on relatively stable structures, asking questions concerning the establishment, persistence or change, and impact of international institutions and organizations. Uncertainty in the environment of organizations is held to result from the lack of coordination of activities among them (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978, p. 42); scarcity of resources is considered a central condition of life. State agencies, intergovernmental organizations, and nongovernmental organizations involved in re-building the failed state of Albania in the 1990s and 2000s decoupled their rhetoric from their day-to-day activity. At the same time, organizational action potentially transforms the network structure (Knoke & Chen, 2008, p. 442). International security - Wikipedia This maxim implies that speakers, for instance, do not have the meaning of what they say at their own disposal just as sculptors do not have the meaning of their sculptures at theirs. In this case, the causal chain sets in on the level of organizations dependence on each other. . Since the early 2000s, pragmatist ideas have increasingly been brought to IR (Hellmann, 2002; Bauer & Brighi, 2009; Friedrichs & Kratochwil, 2009; but see also Deibert, 1997). The five approaches will be presented according to their position in the rationalism-constructivism debate (Wver, 1996, pp. 5253). For the same reasons, organizations favoring civilian instruments keep the alliance at distance (Biermann, 2014, pp. At the same time, inter-organizational relations are conceived as a (mostly) non-intentional, functional consequence of overlapping rules among organizations. 332340). However, organizations are not considered to give in to external demands per se. Organizations are portrayed as both interested in maintaining their autonomy and, to varying degrees, dependent on their environment. Organizational actors rely on the advice of members of professional associations when it comes to decisions on whether or not to respond to external expectations and how to deal with them (Meyer & Jepperson, 2000, p. 107). The dominance of realism Reciprocity constitutes network relations. The resource dependence approach has been applied to security issues and aspects of economic development. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, University of Bremen, Institute for Intercultural and International Studies, Introduction: Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics, Five Theoretical Approaches for Examining Inter-Organizational Relations, Concept of Organizations and How They Relate, Classical Pragmatism: Structures of Corporate Practice, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.99. Only one of them, regime complexity, originates in political science or IR. Constructivist reasoning is exemplified by sociological neo-institutionalism. Institutional analysis has a central position in political science. International Organizations - Comparison of Theoretical Approaches Changes in the environment imply changes in the external expectations an organization faces. theoretical approaches will be questions about the normative perspective, we . But we still know little about when and how change occurs. From the perspective of sociological neo-institutionalism, changes in the environment bring about changes in an organization. This chapter builds upon the previous chapter that has established the case of this thesis. Distinguishing among several kinds of network relations, network structures, and positions within these networks, it is argued that all these differences matter as they influence organizations directly. Sociological neo-institutionalism operates with a notion of institution that is more closely connected to features of organizations and their emergence. As belief is a rule for action (Peirce, 1992, p. 129), pragmatisms focus is on what humans do, and this is held to be genuinely creative (Joas, 1996). Boundary roles enable their occupants to form networks. Webers claim that Occidental (Western) rationality brought about cultural phenomena of universal significance and validity can thus be seen as one of sociological neo-institutionalisms iron premises. This body of organization theory informs neoliberal and neorealist debates over international . Strategic action might draw on neoclassical economys concept of rationality if it is modeled on game theory (Gehring & Oberthr, 2009, pp. The global liberal order is built upon ideas that have come to be put into practice as institutions, or established, broadly recognized rules or ways of conducting social interaction.These ideas derived from liberal theory and scholarship over the centuries, and indeed an emphasis on institutions is what diverse liberal social-scientific approaches to international security have in common. International governmental organizations specializing in infrastructure development tend to work together not only with organizations a) of the same type, b) with similar funding sources, or c) with reciprocal ties with them but also with organizations that have been d) selected by others or that e) are related to a common other (Atouba & Shumate, 2010, p. 306). Theoretical Approaches to International Organization Theoretical Approaches to Organizations Within social science there are two broad strands of theorizing about organizations. This is modeled on Deweys notion of public. Functionalism (international relations) - Wikipedia Cold War. PDF International Organizations - Cambridge University Press & Assessment 388391). In this manner, a new belief is established. Three theoretical traditions have emerged, dealing with institutions, organization, and governance. Moreover, organizations demand for expertise exceeds their demand for financial resources and prestige in this policy field (Gest & Grigorescu, 2010, pp. Golia and Peters (2020) extend the three legal standard elements of an international organization (treaty base, state membership and autonomy), by taking into account multiple legal bases, 1. Since 1966, Stanford Universitys Department of Sociology has been the academic home to John Meyer, a leading scholar of this approach, and many of his collaborators. They are not seeking correspondence between propositions and facts. Their examination starts from the following assumption: both structures of corporate practice and what is brought about by those who operate in and for them can be conceived as ideas to which human beings are loyal (Roos, 2015, pp. To understand international cooperation and discord, it is necessary to develop a knowledge of how international institutions work, and how they change. Sociological neo-institutionalism is known as the Stanford School approach, at least in organization studies. They are also conceptualized as interested in defending their autonomy against inconsistent expectations. 219220). Sociological neo-institutionalism is known as the Stanford School approach, at least in organization studies. However, cooperation within it is mainly restricted to information sharing and impeded by situational and structural factors such as conflicting political views or members concerns about preserving their autonomy (Biermann, 2008, pp. They are held to result from a rise of complex interdependence (Alter & Meunier, 2009, p. 14; Young, 1996, p. 20; see also Keohane & Nye, 1974) and institutional density in the context of increasing legalization in world politics (Raustiala & Victor, 2004, p. 295). 150152). Composed of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area (Krasner, 1982, p. 185), regimes provide responses to problems of coordination and collaboration in world politics (Stein, 1982) as well as to detrimental effects of the unilateral pursuit of interests (Young, 1982, p. 281). 154, 165168). Whereas environments are introduced as broad, given, or pre-established, the term organizational fields is used to denote those parts of environments that consist of organizations with similar tasks. . Relations among these nodes or actors are formally referred to as the edges of a network. They are counseled by rationalized others who represent the environment (grasped as world society). Organizations exist in a realm of necessity in which they compete for scarce resources. Members of society are held to see institutions both as relative fixtures in a social environment and as functional elements of that environment (Jepperson, 1991, p. 147), as shaping as well as reflecting social order. Beliefs as rules for action are conceived as final causes. What is its causal logic, or, what kinds of ascriptions of causality are made? Regime complexity theorists thus conceive of action as guided by a triad of interests, institutional dynamics, and norms (Zelli, Gupta, & Van Asselt, 2013, p. 106). Sociological neo-institutionalism, as its name suggests, emanates from sociology exclusively; resource dependence is rooted in economics and sociology, while network accounts have their foundations in psychology and sociology. . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, Department of Political Science, Lund University, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.349. If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code. Finally, sociological neo-institutionalism is used to address the speed and scope of policy change brought about by the International Monetary Fund. Finally, interdependence exists whenever one actor does not entirely control all of the conditions necessary for the achievement of an action or for obtaining the outcome desired from the action (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978, p. 40). It shows that the Secretariat of the International Air Transport Association, a nongovernmental organization of then 120 (and today 250) airlines mainly concerned with negotiating international airfares, successfully used its linking-pin position to mobilize the network against U.S. attempts to liberalize pricing (Jnsson, 1986, pp. The five main theories of international relations include: realism theory, liberalism theory, Marxism theory, constructivism theory, and feminism theory. 699-732 . 220, 229). Inquiries into these kinds of inter-organizational relations and the patterns of world order they bring about will surely bear much fruit. Such an adaptation process is considered to result in both a differentiation of organizational rule-making and an inter-organizational division of labor that facilitates state gains from cooperation (Faude, 2015, pp. They are: (i) the world must be divided into a number of states which function as independent political units, (ii) and a substantial measure of contact exists between them, (iii) The states must develop an awareness of problems which arise out of their coexistence, and, on this basis (iv) come to recognize the need for creation of institutional. On the one hand, this space is constrained by the beliefs that guide a human beings action. 297298). Another pragmatist study briefly referred to the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) for the coordination of humanitarian assistance. The term space of possibilities refers to what single human beings can and cannot do. Functionalism is a theory of international relations that arose during the interwar period principally from the strong concern about the obsolescence of the state as a form of social organization.Rather than the self-interest of nation states that realists see as a motivating factor, functionalists focus on common interests and needs shared by states (but also by non-state actors) in a process . Examples of these myths are those institutionalized elements of an organizations formal structure that are adopted by others to become accepted (Meyer & Rowan, 1977, pp.

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