flow properties of granulesflow properties of granules

flow properties of granules28 May flow properties of granules

Two conditioning cycles were also performed at the beginning to remove any variation in the powder due to loading into the cylinder from the container. 28 in the dry case. & Youssoufi, M. S. E. Multiscale force networks in highly polydisperse granular media. (1) angle of repose, (2) compressibility index or Hausner ratio, (3) flow rate through an orifice, and (4) shear cell. Phys. d Snapshot of contact forces (violet) and non-contact capillary forces (green) in a thin window at the center of the flow plane. Google Scholar. The angle of repose is the angle formed by the horizontal base of the bench surface and the edge of a cone-like pile of granules. (11) is given by. PMID: 19894652 Abstract The patent apparatus for measurement of pouring of powders and granules, as well as enlarged version of apparatus for measurement of angle of repose were applied for examination of granules and their mixtures. (5). ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Phys. A value of <30 indicates excellent flow whereas >56 indicates very poor flow. Whereas granules prepared by fluid bed or high shear methods were cohesive and easy flowing, respectively (Fig. The solid lines are the functional forms of Eq. At the bottom of the powder column, the rotor slices through the powder to avoid hard compact. Indeed, almost every consumer product has been in a granular state during its manufacturing process. Phys. Remarkably, the limit value 00.594 obtained here by simulations is equal to the measured value of packing fraction in glass-bead flows29. Phys. Lett. Douche powders are used to prepare solutions that cleanse the vagina. 54, 221261 (2005). The angle b is the privileged bond orientation, and its value is close to 4 with respect to the flow direction. It has been found that citric acid monohydrate and tartaric acid used in the ratio of 1:2, respectively, produces a powder with good effervescent properties. Accessibility Through metrics such as angle of, Isolation and characterization of impurities in pharmaceuticals, How to Calibrate a pH Meter with Buffer Solutions, Formulation-related impurities in drug substances, Difference between TLC and Column Chromatography. The second region spaced from the axis of rotation has a second angle which is also formed by its surface plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. It is also useful to point out that, for given particle size d and density s, each characteristic stress corresponds also to a characteristic time \(T=d{({\rho }_{s}/\Sigma )}^{1/2}\). Conventional blade shapes with large flat central area give rise to undesirable powder compression below the blade. The data analysis is done using the data on column height at the start of each compaction cycle, the distance at the point the final 500g force is reached (the cake height) for each cycle, and finally the mean force and work required (g.mm) to slice through the caked area. Thus, it was observed that the compendial tests are sometimes non-discriminating while assessing the minor differences in granule flow with lubricant. . Article Amarsid, L. et al. The powder particles must be a definite size range to prevent clogging of the valve orifice and to provide uniformity of application. Measurement of attractive forces between single aerogel powder particles and the correlation with powder flow. where \(R^{\prime} =2{R}_{i}{R}_{j}/({R}_{i}+{R}_{j})\) and \(r\,=\,\max \{{R}_{i}/{R}_{j};{R}_{j}/{R}_{i}\}\) are the harmonic mean radius and the size ratio between two particles, h(r)=r12, and c0.9. Rev. (8) and Eq. Hausner H. H. Friction conditions in a mass of metal powder. Epub 2015 Jan 5. The mass is passed through a sieve and then dried in air or in an oven. Granulation: An Important Process in Tablet Manufacturing The positioning of anchor points is important in determining the relevance and accuracy of the calculated work done. Based on the results obtained, flow of MgSt-F was rated as poor, that of MgSt-V was rated as very poor, and MgSt-B was considered to be very very poor in terms of its flow based on CI and HR values. The crucial role of granular flows in nature (landslides, debris avalanches, slope failure)1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and industrial processes (handling powders and granulates, compaction, additive manufacturing)9,10,11,12,13 has been at the focus cross-disciplinary research for more than thirty years14,15. For n<0 (a contact between two particles), we assume that the lubrication force remains equal to its largest value: In our simulations, we set n0=5104dmin, where dmin is the smallest particle diameter. MathSciNet The compendial methods include measurement of angle of repose (1), bulk density, tapped density (2) Carrs compressibility index (3), or Hausner ratio (4). US Patent 6,481,267B1. Comparative Evaluation of Flow for Pharmaceutical Powders and Granules E 8, 032205 (2013). A well-known example is the cohesive contact force fc in fine powders. Greater is the strength, more will be a tendency to form a hard cake which is not easy to redisperse. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Lett. The simulation code is available at sourcesup.renater.fr/www/cfgd3d and upon reasonable request from the authors. This is in accordance with density measurements. Below is a list of mesh sizes and the size of the mesh opening in millimeters (1/1000 of a meter) or microns (1/1,000,000) of a meter. An official website of the United States government. Changes of the angle's value of their mixtures were influenced by variation of the apparent density of granule, as well. 20 mesh sieves. Mutabaruka, P., Delenne, J.-Y., Soga, K. & Radjai, F. Initiation of immersed granular avalanches. Additive rheology of complex granular flows - Nature official website and that any information you provide is encrypted J. Fluid Mech. A single medicinal agent may be used as a dusting powder; however, a base is frequently used to apply a medicinal agent and to protect the skin from irritation and friction. Cegeo, B. et al. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Moreover, the functional forms that fit AAc and ZZc are the same as G and G as a function of Im with different values of their free fitting parameters; see Supplementary Eqs. The granular temperature is defined as the mean kinetic energy per unit mass of velocity fluctuations of a particle. Bagnold, R. A. After the cone from 5g of sample was built, height of the granules forming the cone (h) and the radius (r) of the base were measured. Chem. THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF POWDERS AND GRANULES The flow properties of powders and granules are of critical importance in the production of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Note that all other dimensionless variables can be expressed in terms of these three independent parameters. Note also that, given the investigated range of values of Im, Eq. Jop, P., Forterre, Y. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) As the opening becomes smaller, so will the resulting particle size. Epub 2018 Dec 22. Typical force-displacement profile for a cohesion test on powder rheometer. Previous results on the rheology of granular materials suggest that the functional forms fitting the master curves should not depend on the particle shapes, size distributions and friction coefficient, although their free parameters will certainly do45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52. Jaeger, H. & Nagel, S. Granular solids, liquids and gases. Mech. Adv. Number density Z of capillary bonds (a) and bond orientation anisotropy A (b) as a function of the generalized inertial number Im defined by Eq. The key variable for inertial flows is the shear rate. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the writing of the paper. The error bars represent the standard variation over steady-state flow, and the symbols and their colors are the same as those in Fig. The particle size, shape, and moisture content of each of the ingredient was variable and this might contribute to a small deviations in the reading which was observed. 3. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Herminghaus, S. Dynamics of wet granular matter. & Nicolas, M. Flow of dense granular material: towards simple constitutive laws. Flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances of dangerous Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Luding, S. Collisions and contacts between two particles. Vo, T.T., Nezamabadi, S., Mutabaruka, P. et al. 98, 44008 (2012). This analysis provided an enhanced understanding of the typical flow properties of pharmaceutical materials. Effects of material properties on the mobility of granular flow - Springer Many bulk powders are used topically. Flow properties of granules | Download Table - ResearchGate A robust manufacturing process involving powder requires reliable powder flow properties. Part I: analysis. 2. The methodology employed granule samples that were tested in a 50 mm bore borosilicate glass cylinder. and transmitted securely. Hence, according to Eq. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Ogarko, V. & Luding, S. Prediction of polydisperse hard-sphere mixture behavior using tridisperse systems. (11) is used. Flow properties of powders are basically mechanical properties. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Product intermediates for tablet preparation were obtained by four different methods: physical mixture and granules obtained by slugging, dry granulated methods; granules prepared by fluid bed and high-shear mixer, wet granulated methods. With a limited number of examples available in the literature, there is a need to better understand and share the typical flow properties of pharmaceutical materials. Eng. This value is sufficiently small to allow the lubrication force to be effective without leading to its divergence at contact. The physical argument behind the definition of Im is the following. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This multiplicative partition works quite well for the cohesion index, and a prefactor similar to 0(1+a) in Eq. 762, R5 (2012). Shaebani, M. R., Madadi, M., Luding, S. & Wolf, D. E. Influence of polydispersity on micromechanics of granular materials. Usability of currently . the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Peer reviewer reports are available. Would you like email updates of new search results? The data points are nicely fitted by the following functional forms: with 1.100, I0.095 and I2.010. The liquid bridges between particles induce both capillary and viscous (lubrication) forces whose effects on the flow behavior, together with the confining and inertial stresses, will be quantified for a broad range of parameter values, which are generally difficult to access by means of experiments. Rognon, P., Roux, J.-N., Naaim, M. & Chevoir, F. Dense flows of cohesive granular materials. In this paper, we address this interesting issue by simulating wet granular flows such as unsaturated soils and powders at high relative humidity. The values of and are normalized by c and c, respectively, which design their quasi-static values (Im0) and vary linearly with , as shown in the two insets to Fig. Phys. For a separation distance above a debonding distance drupt, the bridge breaks and its liquid is shared between the two particles proportionally to their sizes53,60. Upon completion of this exercise, you should be able to: The word powder refers to a chemical or mixture that is solid in physical state. 92, 17 (2018). Correspondence to For each set of simulations, the symbols and their colors correspond to the parameters that are varied with their ranges, all other parameters being kept constant. On dense granular flows. Flow properties of granules pdf - United States Guidelines User Guidelines Flow properties of granules Source publication Formulation Optimization for Colon Targeted Delivery of Katira Gum Matrix Tablets Containing Azathioprine Article Full-text available Oct 2013 Priti. 2, ,3,3, ,4,4, ,5,5, and and6).6). For all the materials tested, PFSD remained at around 1 exhibiting stable powder flow (Figs. Rev. Most douche powders are used for their hygienic effects, but a few contain antibiotics. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Phys. Nevertheless, we believe that our results can be extended to higher amounts of liquid since the liquid can easily flow in an unsaturated material to wet larger particle areas with a lower Laplace pressure. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The symbols are the same as those in Fig. Google Scholar. Rev. HUD and USDA determined that adoption of the 2009 IECC would not negatively impact the affordability and availability of the covered housing . The CI and HR were found to be lower for MgSt-F grade as compared to MgSt-B and MgSt-V grades. We find that Zc is a decreasing linear function of (as c) and Ac is an increasing linear function of (as c); see Supplementary Fig. The samples consisted of different grades of magnesium stearate powder including bovine, vegetable, and food grade, physical mixture powder blend consisting of a model formulation, granules prepared by various methods including slugging, high shear granulator, and fluid bed dryer. For intermediates, it was seen that physical mixture and slugged granules were extremely cohesive also. A granule is a large particle or grain. Lett. Therefore, one possible explanation seen might be due to differences in fatty acid contents, surface tension, and charge. Granules generally are made by first blending the powders together and then moistening the mixture to form a pasty mass. . EPJ Web Conf. of good, rapid and regular flowability) for the following reasons: 1. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). CAS This discrepancy might be due to very qualitative nature of the scale of measurements and ratings for flow properties based on these compendial methods. As the stresses are additive, one may thus take the cohesive stress into account on the same footing as the confining pressure by replacing p by a linear combination n=p+c, and therefore replacing I2 by \({I}_{c}^{2}\equiv {\sigma }_{i}/{\sigma }_{n}={I}^{2}/(1+\alpha \xi )\), where =cp is the cohesion index, and is a material-dependent parameter32. The effect of test speeds and angles on powders is measured using powder flow speed dependence test. 2015;21(40):5877-89. doi: 10.2174/1381612821666151008125117. Magnesium stearate is a very widely used lubricant. Res. In this plane, the number density E() of bonds (both contacts and non-contact capillary bridges) per particle along a direction can be approximated by15,21,43. The meaning of GRANULE is a small particle; especially : one of numerous particles forming a larger unit. &Brenner, H. Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1983). The principle of the instrument includes force-displacement measurement through the powder bed. Peer review informationNature Communicationsthanks Stefan Luding, M. Saadatfar and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Flowability Granule Lactose Particle size distribution Friction property 1. Mech. 108, 178301 (2012). These granulations are popular due to their taste and psychological impression. 7. 8600 Rockville Pike (9), respectively. This step levels off the powder and allows to record the rate at which the column height reduces during the caking process. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted They are easier to swallow, since they do not atomize nor adhere to the mucous membranes of the oral cavity or throat ( Bauer et al., 2012 ). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 1). PubMedGoogle Scholar. These differences are observed at both low values (quasi-static flow) and high values (inertial flow) of I, and the variability of and with the variation of I is of the same order of magnitude as with the variation of viscous and cohesive parameters. There are intermediate scales for CI between 1115 or HR between 1.121.18 is considered good flow, CI between 1620 or HR between 1.191.25 is considered fair flow, CI between 2125 or HR between 1.261.34 is considered passable flow, CI between 2631 or HR between 1.351.45 is considered poor flow, and CI between 3237 or HR between 1.461.59 is considered very poor flow (3,4). These data were composed of different material types, including APIs, excipients, blends and granules from nearly a decade of development projects. Yu J, Xu B, Zhang K, Shi C, Zhang Z, Fu J, Qiao Y. Pharmaceutics. An FT4 Powder Rheometer (Freeman Technology, Gloucestershire, U.K.) was used to measure the flow properties of granules regarding the energy required to make them flow. 34 applied to a cohesive-frictional granular material. Excipient variability and its impact on dosage form functionality. The issue is whether all these different values of apparent friction and packing fraction can be expressed as a collapsed function of a single dimensionless number combining surface tension, liquid viscosity, confining pressure and shear rate. Besides repulsive elastic force and friction force, the particle interactions include the approximate analytical expressions of the capillary force fc and viscous force fv acting between neighboring particles (see Methods section). & Einav, I. Eddy viscosity in dense granular flows. The dimensionless number I is the inertial number, defined as the ratio of two time scales (relaxation time \(\langle d\rangle {({\rho }_{s}/{\sigma }_{p})}^{1/2}\) under load vs. shear time \({\dot{\gamma }}^{-1}\)), and it was found to unify experimental and numerical data in different flow geometries26. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. This means that and depend only on the material parameters (particle shape and size distribution, friction coefficient between particles) and not on the cohesive and viscous interactions. This higher angle is possible between the surface of the dust pile and the horizontal plane. A uniform particle size distribution also insures an uniform dissolution rate if the powder is to dissolve, an uniform sedimentation rate if the powder is used in a suspension, and minimizes stratification when powders are stored or transported. (eds.) It was found to be user independent. Vegetable-based magnesium stearate (code 2257), bovine-based magnesium stearate (MgSt-B, code 2256), and food grade magnesium stearate (MgSt-F, code 5716) were obtained from Mallinckrodt Inc. (Hazelwood, MO, USA). (3) and (4). J. E 21, 359369 (2007). However, in case of granules lubricated with MgSt-V showed a different flow pattern with increasing concentrations of lubricant (Fig. 2 as a function of a modified inertial number defined by. Moreover, the NPT and NVT points of view should be compared at the same normal stress state, i.e., n=p+c. Although Im provides a unified description of the rheology by capturing the effects of particle interactions on the apparent friction coefficient and packing fraction and, alternatively, the effective viscosities, it is essential to check its robustness with respect to microstructural variables. Additive rheology of complex granular flows, \({\sigma }_{i} \sim {\rho }_{s}{\langle d\rangle }^{2}{\dot{\gamma }}^{2}\), \(\langle d\rangle {({\rho }_{s}/{\sigma }_{p})}^{1/2}\), \({I}_{c}^{2}\equiv {\sigma }_{i}/{\sigma }_{n}={I}^{2}/(1+\alpha \xi )\), \({I}_{v}^{2}\equiv ({\sigma }_{i}+\beta {\sigma }_{v})/{\sigma }_{p}={I}^{2}(1+\beta /St)\), $${I}_{m}=I{\left(\frac{1+\beta /St}{1+\alpha \xi }\right)}^{1/2},$$, \(I={({\sigma }_{i}/{\sigma }_{p})}^{1/2}\), \(\vartheta \sim \dot{\gamma }\langle d\rangle\), \({\sigma }_{v} \sim \eta \dot{\gamma }\), \(I=\dot{\gamma }\langle d\rangle {({\rho }_{s}/{\sigma }_{p})}^{1/2}\), \({\rho }_{s}{\langle d\rangle }^{2}\dot{\gamma }/\eta\), $$\mu ={\mu }_{c}(\xi )\,{G}_{\mu }({I}_{m}),$$, $$\Phi ={\Phi }_{c}(\xi )\,{G}_{\Phi }({I}_{m}),$$, $${\Phi }_{c}\simeq {\Phi }_{0}(1-b\xi )$$, $$\frac{\mu }{{\mu }_{c}}={G}_{\mu }=1+\frac{{\Delta }_{\mu }}{1+{I}_{\mu }/{I}_{m}}$$, $$\frac{\Phi }{{\Phi }_{c}}={G}_{\Phi }=\frac{1}{1+{I}_{m}/{I}_{\Phi }}$$, \({\sigma }_{n}={\eta }_{n}\dot{\gamma }\), \({\sigma }_{t}={\eta }_{t}\dot{\gamma }\), \({\sigma }_{n}={c}_{n}({\sigma }_{i}+\beta {\sigma }_{v})\equiv {c}_{n}{\sigma }_{n}{I}_{m}^{2}={\eta }_{n}\dot{\gamma }\), \({c}_{n}=1/{I}_{m}^{2}={\eta }_{n}/(\beta \eta +{\rho }_{s}{\langle d\rangle }^{2}\dot{\gamma })\), \({\sigma }_{t}=\mu /{I}_{m}^{2}={\eta }_{t}/(\beta \eta +{\rho }_{s}{\langle d\rangle }^{2}\dot{\gamma })\), \(\beta \eta +{\rho }_{s}{\langle d\rangle }^{2}\dot{\gamma }\), $${c}_{n}=\frac{1}{{I}_{\Phi }^{2}}{\left(\frac{\Phi }{{\Phi }_{c}-\Phi }\right)}^{2},\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad$$, $${c}_{t}=\mu {c}_{n}=\frac{1}{{I}_{\Phi }^{2}}{\left(\frac{\Phi }{{\Phi }_{c}-\Phi }\right)}^{2}\left\{1+\frac{{\Delta }_{\mu }}{1+\frac{{I}_{\mu }}{{I}_{\Phi }}\frac{\Phi }{{\Phi }_{c}-\Phi }}\right\},$$, $$E(\Theta )=\frac{Z}{2\pi }\{1+A\cos 2(\Theta -{\Theta }_{b})\},$$, $${f}_{c}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}-\kappa \,R,\hfill &\!

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